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Understand the Importance of the ASME B16.10 Specification

What is the face-to-face dimension of a flanged ball, globe, or gate valve? The ASME B16.10 chart answers this question, as it standardizes the distance between the inlet and the outlet of the most common flanged valves. The purpose of this ASME specification is to ensure the interchangeability of valves produced by different manufacturers.

WHAT IS VALVE FACE-TO-FACE DIMENSION?

The valve face-to-face dimension refers to the distance between the two end faces of a valve, which are the points where the valve connects to the piping system.

This measurement is crucial for ensuring that the valve fits properly within a given piping layout and for facilitating valve replacement or system upgrades. Manufacturers and industry standards, such as those provided by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Petroleum Institute (API), and the Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS), specify face-to-face dimensions for different types of valves (e.g., gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly valves) and service conditions. Standardizing these dimensions helps in maintaining uniformity across valves produced by different manufacturers, allowing for easier interchangeability and system maintenance.

THE ASME B16.10 SPECIFICATION

ASME B16.10 is a widely recognized standard issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) that specifies the face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of flanged and butt-welded end steel valves. This standard is critical for ensuring the compatibility and interchangeability of valves within piping systems, facilitating easier installation, maintenance, and replacement.

The standard covers a variety of valve types, including gate, globe, plug, ball, check, and butterfly valves, and applies to a broad range of sizes and pressure classes.

By defining precise dimensions for each valve type, ASME B16.10 helps to standardize valve design across the industry, making it simpler for engineers and designers to select and specify valves for new installations or to find suitable replacements for existing systems.

Adherence to ASME B16.10 ensures that valves manufactured by different companies can be used interchangeably in a piping system without the need for modifications, provided they conform to the same type, size, and pressure class as specified in the standard.

This interoperability is crucial for maintaining the efficiency, safety, and reliability of fluid handling systems across various applications, including oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, and water treatment.

ASME B16.10 SIGNIFICANCE FOR VALVES MANUFACTURERS

The ASME B16.10 standard plays a crucial role for valve manufacturers by providing a comprehensive guideline for the face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of various types of valves, including gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly valves. Adhering to this standard offers several significant benefits to manufacturers:

  • Ensures Interoperability: By defining standardized dimensions for valves, ASME B16.10 ensures that valves produced by different manufacturers can be used interchangeably within piping systems without the need for system modification. This interoperability is crucial for end-users looking to replace or upgrade valves without altering existing piping layouts.
  • Facilitates Design and Manufacturing Processes: ASME B16.10 provides a clear set of guidelines that manufacturers can follow during the design and manufacturing processes. This standardization helps streamline production, reduce design costs, and minimize the risk of errors that could lead to incompatibility with existing systems.
  • Enhances Market Competitiveness: Compliance with internationally recognized standards like ASME B16.10 demonstrates a manufacturer’s commitment to quality and reliability. This compliance can enhance a manufacturer’s reputation in the market, making their products more attractive to customers who prioritize standardization for ease of maintenance and system integrity.
  • Promotes Safety and Reliability: Following ASME B16.10 helps ensure that valves are designed to fit properly within a variety of systems, thereby reducing the likelihood of leaks or failures due to improper fit or installation. This contributes to the overall safety and reliability of fluid handling systems in critical applications across industries.
  • Simplifies Inventory and Distribution: For distributors and stockists, the standardization of valve dimensions means that a smaller inventory can serve a wider range of applications, reducing storage costs and simplifying logistics. This efficiency benefits manufacturers, distributors, and end-users alike.
  • Supports Regulatory Compliance: In many industries and regions, compliance with ASME standards is either a regulatory requirement or a key factor in project specifications. By adhering to ASME B16.10, valve manufacturers ensure that their products meet the necessary criteria for use in a wide range of projects, from industrial applications to infrastructure and beyond.

In summary, ASME B16.10 is essential for valve manufacturers as it promotes interoperability, streamlines production processes, enhances competitiveness, ensures safety and reliability, simplifies inventory management, and supports regulatory compliance. These benefits underscore the importance of this standard in the global valve manufacturing industry.

HOW TO SELECT VALVE FACE-TO-FACE

Selecting the appropriate valve face-to-face dimension according to ASME B16.10 involves a systematic approach, taking into consideration the type of valve, its application, and the specific requirements of the piping system. Here’s how you can go about it:

  1. Identify the Valve Type
    Start by identifying the type of valve you need for your application (e.g., gate, globe, ball, butterfly, check). Each valve type has different design characteristics and applications, influencing the required face-to-face dimension.
  2. Determine the Valve Size and Class
    Determine the size (diameter) of the valve required based on the flow rate and the size of the piping system. Also, identify the pressure class of the valve, which is based on the maximum pressure and temperature the valve needs to withstand. The size and class will impact the face-to-face dimensions.
  3. Consult ASME B16.10
    With the valve type, size, and class in mind, consult the ASME B16.10 standard. The standard provides tables with face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions for various types of valves across different sizes and pressure classes. Locate the appropriate table for your valve type and find the dimension that matches your valve’s size and class.
  4. Consider System Requirements
    Consider any specific requirements of your piping system that may influence the selection. For instance, if the valve is to replace an existing valve, ensure the selected dimension matches the available space and existing piping layout. For new installations, consider ease of maintenance, future replacements, and system expansion possibilities.
  5. Check for Exceptions or Special Cases
    Note that certain applications or systems may have exceptions or require special considerations that could affect the choice of valve face-to-face dimension. For example, specialized processes or extreme operating conditions may necessitate custom or non-standard dimensions. In such cases, consultation with valve manufacturers or engineering experts is advised.
  6. Confirm Compatibility
    Ensure that the selected valve and its face-to-face dimension are compatible with the flanges or end connections of the piping system. Compatibility is crucial for a leak-proof system and efficient operation.
  7. Seek Manufacturer’s Data
    Manufacturers often provide detailed catalogs or datasheets with their valves’ dimensions, including face-to-face lengths, which are compliant with ASME B16.10. Refer to these documents to confirm the selection and availability of the required valve.

Selecting the correct valve face-to-face dimension according to ASME B16.10 enhances the efficiency, safety, and reliability of your piping system. This process ensures that the valve will fit properly within the system, facilitating maintenance and future replacements while adhering to industry standards.

ASME B16.10 VALVE FACE-TO-FACE SIZE CHARTS (CLASS 150 TO 2500)

 

Valve face to face dimension ASME B16.10
Valve face to face dimension ASME B16.10

VALVES CLASS 150

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

150# Ball Long Pattern Ball Short Pattern Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc Gate Conduit Plug Short Pattern Plug Regular Pattern Plug Venturi Pattern Plug Round Port Full Bore Globe Lift and Swing Check Y-Globe and Y-Swing Check
1/2 108 108 108 108 140
3/4 117 117 117 117 152
1 127 127 127 140 176 127 165
1 1/4 140 140 140 140 184
1 1/2 165 165 165 165 222 165 203
178 178 178 178 178 178 267 203 229
190 190 190 190 190 298 216 279
3 203 203 203 203 203 203 343 241 318
4 229 229 229 229 229 305 229 432 292 368
5 254 254 381 356
6 394 267 267 267 267 394 394 406 470
8 457 292 292 292 292 457 457 495 597
10 533 330 330 330 330 533 533 622 673
12 610 356 356 356 356 610 610 698 775
14 686 381 381 381 686 686 787
16 762 406 406 406 762 762 914
18 864 432 432 864 864 978
20 914 457 457 914 914 978
22 508 1067
24 1067 508 508 1067 1067 1295
26 559 559 1295
28 610 610 1448
30 610 660 1524
32 711
34 762 1016
36 711 813 1956

 

VALVES CLASS 300

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

300# Ball Long Pattern Ball Short Pattern Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc and Conduit Plug Short and Venturi Pattern Plug Regular Pattern Plug Round Port Full Bore Globe and Lift Check Swing Check
1/2 140 140 140 152
3/4 152 152 152 178
1 165 165 165 159 190 203 216
1 1/4 178 178 178 216 229
1 1/2 190 190 190 190 241 229 241
216 216 216 216 282 267 267
241 241 241 241 330 292 292
3 282 282 282 282 387 318 318
4 305 305 305 305 457 356 356
5 381 400 400
6 403 403 403 403 403 559 444 444
8 502 419 419 419 502 686 559 533
10 568 457 457 457 568 826 622 622
12 648 502 502 502 711 965 711 711
14 762 572 762 762 762 838
16 838 610 838 838 838 864
18 914 660 914 914 914 978
20 991 711 991 991 991 1016
22 1092 1092 1092 1092 1118
24 1143 813 1143 1143 1143 1346
26 1245 1245 1245 1245 1346
28 1346 1346 1346 1346 1499
30 1397 1397 1397 1397 1594
32 1524 1524 1524 1524
34 1626 1626 1626 1626
36 1727 1727 1727 1727 2083

 

VALVES CLASS 600

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

600# Ball Long Pattern Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern Plug Regular and Venturi Pattern Plug Round Port Full Bore Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Long Pattern
1/2 165 165 165
3/4 190 190 190
1 216 216 216 254 216
1 1/4 229 229 229 229
1 1/2 241 241 241 318 241
292 292 292 330 292
330 330 330 381 330
3 356 356 356 444 356
4 432 432 432 508 432
5 508 508
6 559 559 559 660 559
8 660 660 660 794 660
10 787 787 787 940 787
12 838 838 838 1067 838
14 889 889 889 889
16 991 991 991 991
18 1092 1092 1092 1092
20 1194 1194 1194 1194
22 1295 1295 1295 1295
24 1397 1397 1397 1397
26 1448 1448 1448 1448
28 1549 1549 1600
30 1651 1651 1651 1651
32 1778 1778 1778
34 1930 1930 1930
36 2083 2083 2083 2083

 

VALVES CLASS 900

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

900 # Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern Plug Regular and Venturi Pattern Plug Round Port Full Bore Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Long Pattern Ball Long Pattern
3/4 229
1 254 254 254 254
279 279 279 279
305 305 356 305 305
2 368 368 381 368 368
419 419 432 419 419
3 381 381 470 381 381
4 457 457 559 457 457
5 559 559
6 610 610 737 610 610
8 737 737 813 737 737
10 838 838 965 838 838
12 965 965 1118 965 965
14 1029 1029 1029
16 1130 1130 1130 1130
18 1219 1219 1219
20 1321 1321 1321 1321
22
24 1549 1549 1549

 

VALVES CLASS 1500

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

1500# Gate Solid Wedge Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern Plug Regular and Venturi Pattern Plug Round Port Full Bore Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Short Pattern Ball Long Pattern
1/2 216
3/4 229
1 254 254 254
279 279 279
305 305 305
2 368 368 391 368 368
419 419 454 419 419
3 470 470 524 470 470
4 546 546 625 546 546
5 673 673
6 705 705 787 705 705
8 832 832 889 832 832
10 991 991 1067 991 991
12 1130 1130 1219 1130 1130
14 1257 1257 1257
16 1384 1384 1384 1384
18 1537 1537
20 1664 1664
22
24 1943 1943

VALVES CLASS 2500

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

2500# Gate Solid Wedge Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern Plug Regular Pattern Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Long Pattern Ball Long Pattern
1/2 264 264
3/4 273 273
1 308 308 308
349 349
384 384 384
2 451 451 451 451
508 508 508 508
3 578 578 578 578
4 673 673 673 673
5 794 794 794
6 914 914 914 914
8 1022 1022 1022 1022
10 1270 1270 1270 1270
12 1422 1422 1422 1422

The ASME B16.10 specification can be purchased here.

 

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ASME B16.34 specifies pressure and temperature ratings for valves

ASME B16.34 specifies pressure and temperature ratings for valves in different classes, ranging from 150 to 4500, guiding their safe use across varying operational conditions. It categorizes valve materials into groups based on their properties, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and various alloys, to ensure compatibility with specific pressure and temperature conditions. This system facilitates the selection of appropriate valve materials for safety and efficiency in applications, considering factors like corrosion resistance and strength under pressure.

ASME B16.34 FOR VALVES

ASME B16.34 categorizes materials into several groups to standardize the application of valve materials across different temperature and pressure conditions. These groups help in selecting the appropriate material for valves based on operational requirements, ensuring compatibility with the fluid being handled and the environmental conditions of the application.

The material groups include various grades of carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, and non-ferrous metals, each chosen for their specific properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature tolerance.

ASME B16.34 mentions pipes, plates, and steel bars because it includes material specifications and grades for the manufacture of valve parts. These materials must meet specific standards to ensure that valves can safely operate under the pressure and temperature conditions for which they are rated. Including these materials helps ensure compatibility and safety across various applications in piping systems.

ASME B16.34 GROUP 1 MATERIALS: CARBON AND ALLOY

Material
Group No.
Material Nominal Designation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.1 C
C-SI
C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V
A105
A350 Gr. LF2A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.1
A216 Gr. WCB A515 Gr. 70
A516 Gr. 70
A537 Gr. Cl.1
A675 Gr. 70
A105
A350 Gr. LF2
A696 Gr. C
A672 Gr. B70
A672 Gr. C70
1.2 C-SI
2 1/2NI
3 1/2NI
C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V
A350 Gr. LF3
A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.2
A352 Gr. LC2
A352 Gr. LC3
A216 Gr. WCC
A352 Gr. LCC
A203 Gr. B
A203 Gr. E
A350 Gr. LF3 A106 Gr. C
1.3 C
C-SI
2 1/2NI
3 1/2NI
C-MN-SI
A352 Gr. LCB A515 Gr. 65
A203 Gr. A
A203 Gr. D
A516 Gr. 65
A675 Gr. 65 A672 Gr. B65
A672 Gr. C65
1.4 C
C-SIC-MN-SI
A350 Gr. LF1 A515 Gr. 60A516 Gr. 60 A675 Gr. 60
A350 Gr. LF1
A696 Gr. B
A106 Gr. B
A672 Gr. B60
A672 Gr. C60
1.5 C-1/2MO A182 Gr. F1 A217 Gr. WC1
A352 Gr. LC1
A204 Gr. A
A204 Gr. B
A182 Gr. F1 A691 Gr. CM-70
1.6 C-1/2MO1/2CR-1/2MO
1CR-1/2MO
A387 Gr. 2 Cl.1
A387 Gr. 2 Cl.2
A387 Gr. 12 Cl.1
A335 Gr. P1
A369 Gr. FP1
A691 Gr. 1/2CR
1.7 C-1/2MO
1/2CR-1/2MO
NI-1/2CR-1/2MO
3/4NI-MO-3/4CR
A182 Gr. F2 A217 Gr. WC4
A217 Gr. WC5
A204 Gr. C A182 Gr. F2 A691 Gr. MC-75
1.8 1CR-1/2MO
1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI2 1/4CR-1MO
A387 Gr. 12 Cl.2
A387 Gr. 11 Cl.1A387 Gr. 22 Cl.1
A691 Gr. 1CR
A335 Gr. P12
A369 Gr. FP12
A691 Gr. 1 1/4CR
A335 Gr. P11
A369 Gr. FP11
A691 Gr. 2 1/4CR
A335 Gr. P22
A369 Gr. FP22
1.9 1CR-1/2MO
1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI
1 1/4CR-1/2MO
A182 Gr. F12 Cl.2
A182 Gr. F11 Cl.2
A217 Gr. WC6 A387 Gr. 11 Cl.2 A182 Gr. F12 Cl.2
A182 Gr. F11 Cl.2
A739 Gr. B11
1.10 2 1/4CR-1MO A182 Gr. F22 Cl.3 A217 Gr. WC9 A387 Gr. 22 Cl.2 A182 Gr. F22 Cl.3
A739 Gr. B22
1.11 3CR-1MO
MN-1/2MO
MN-s1/2MO-1/2NI
MN-1/2MO-3/4NI
C-MN-SI
A182 Gr. F21 A387 Gr. 21 Cl.2
A302 Gr. A & B
A302 Gr. C
A302 Gr. D
A537 Gr. CL2
A182 Gr. F21
1.12 5CR-1/2MO
5CR-1/2MO-SI
A387 Gr. 5 Cl.1
A387 Gr. 5 Cl.2
A691 Gr. 5CR
A335 Gr. P5
A369 Gr. FP5
A335 Gr. P5b
1.13 5CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F5a
A182 Gr. F5
A217 Gr. C5 A182 Gr. F5a
A182 Gr. F5
1.14 9CR-1MO A182 Gr. F9 A217 Gr. C12 A182 Gr. F9
1.15 9CR-1MO-V A182 Gr. F51 A217 Gr. C12A A387 Gr. 91 Cl.2 A182 Gr. F91 A335 Gr. P91

GROUP 1.1

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.1 C
C-SI
C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V
A105 [1] [6]
A350 Gr. LF2 [1]
A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.1 [7]
A216 Gr. WCB [1] A515 Gr. 70 [1]
A516 Gr. 70 [1] [2]
A537 Gr. Cl.1 [3]
A675 Gr. 70 [1] [4] [5]
A105 [1] [6]
A350 Gr. LF2 [1]
A696 Gr. C
A672 Gr. B70 [1]
A672 Gr. C70 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase of the steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800°F.
[2] Not to be used over 850°F.
[3] Not to be used over 700°F.
[4] Leaded grades shall not be used where welded of in any application above 500°F.
[5] For service temperatures above 850°F, it is recommended that killed steels containing not less than 0.10% residual silicon be used.
[6] Only killed steel shall be used above 850°F.
[7] Not to be used over 500°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.1 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150# 300# 400# 600# 900# 1500# 2500#
-20 to 100 285 700 900 1480 2220 3705 6170
200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625
300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470
400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 5280
500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990
600 140 550 730 1095 1640 3735 4560
650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475
700 110 535 710 1005 1600 2665 4440
750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200
800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430

GROUP 1.2

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.2 C-SI
2 1/2 NI
3 1/2 NI
C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V
A350 Gr. LF3 [2]
A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.2 [4]
A352 Gr. LC2 [2]
A352 Gr. LC3 [2]
A216 Gr. WCC [1]
A352 Gr. LCC [2]
A203 Gr. B [1]
A203 Gr. E [1]
A350 Gr. LF3 [2] A106 Gr. C [3]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase of the steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800°F.
[2] Not to be used over 650°F.
[3] Not to be used over 800°F.
[4] Not to be used over 500°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.2 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 290 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
200 260 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
300 230 730 970 1455 2185 3640 6070
400 200 705 940 1410 2115 3530 5880
500 170 665 885 1330 1995 3325 5540
600 140 605 805 1210 1815 3025 5040
650 125 590 785 1175 1765 2940 4905
700 110 570 755 1135 1705 2840 4730
750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200
800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430

GROUP 1.3

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.3 C
C-SI
2 1/2 NI
3 1/2 NI
C-MN-SI
A352 Gr. LCB [5] A515 Gr. 65 [1]
A203 Gr. A [1]
A203 Gr. D [1]
A516 Gr. 65 [1] [2]
A675 Gr. 65 [1] [3] [4] A672 Gr. B65 [1]
A672 Gr. C65 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase of the steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800°F.
[2] Not to be used over 850°F.
[3] Leaded grades shall not be used where welded in any application above 500°F.
[4] For service temperatures above 850°F, it is recommended that killed steel containing not less than 0.10% residual silicon be used.
[5] Not to be used over 650°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.3 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 265 695 925 1390 2085 3470 5785
200 250 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470
300 230 640 850 1275 1915 3190 5315
400 200 620 825 1235 1850 3085 5145
500 170 585 775 1165 1745 2910 4850
600 140 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440
650 125 525 695 1045 1570 2615 4355
700 110 520 690 1035 1555 2590 4320
750 95 475 630 945 1420 2365 3945
800 80 390 520 780 1175 1955 3260
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430

GROUP 1.4

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.4 C
C-SIC-MN-SI
A350 Gr. LF1 [1] A515 Gr. 60 [1] [2]A516 Gr. 60 [1] [2] A675 Gr. 60 [1] [2] [3]
A350 Gr. LF1 [1]
A696 Gr. B
A106 Gr. B [1]
A672 Gr. B60 [1]
A672 Gr. C60 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase of the steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800°F.
[2] Not to be used over 850°F.
[3] Leaded grades shall not be used where welded in any application above 500°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.4 ASME B16.34 materials:

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 235 620 825 1235 1850 3085 1545
200 215 560 750 1125 1685 2810 4680
300 210 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560
400 200 530 705 1060 1585 2645 4405
500 170 500 665 995 1495 2490 4150
600 140 455 610 915 1370 2285 3805
650 125 450 600 895 1345 2245 3740
700 110 450 600 895 1345 2245 3740
750 95 445 590 885 1325 2210 3685
800 80 370 495 740 1110 1850 3085
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430

GROUP 1.5

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.5 C-1/2MO A182 Gr. F1 [1] A217 Gr. WC1 [1] [2]
A352 Gr. LC1 [3]
A204 Gr. A [1]
A204 Gr. B
A182 Gr. F1 [1] A691 Gr. CM-70 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 875°F, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 875°F.
[2] Use normalized and tempered material only.
[3] Not to be used over 650°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.5 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 265 695 925 1390 2085 3470 5785
200 260 680 905 1360 2035 3395 5660
300 230 655 870 1305 1955 3260 5435
400 200 640 855 1280 1920 3200 5330
500 170 620 830 1245 1865 3105 5180
600 140 605 805 1210 1815 3025 5040
650 125 590 785 1175 1765 2940 4905
700 110 570 755 1135 1705 2840 4730
750 95 530 710 1065 1595 2660 4430
800 80 510 675 1015 1525 2540 4230
850 65 485 650 975 1460 2435 4060
900 50 450 600 900 1350 2245 3745
950 35 280 375 560 845 1405 2345
1000 20 165 220 330 495 825 1370

GROUP 1.6

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
1.6 C-1/2MO1/2CR-1/2MO
1CR-1/2MO
A387 Gr. 2 Cl.1 [3]
A387 Gr. 2 Cl.2 [3]
A387 Gr. 12 Cl.1 [2]
A335 Gr. P1 [1] [3]
A369 Gr. FP1 [1] [3]
A691 Gr. 1/2CR [3]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 875°F, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 875°F.
[2] Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 1100°F.
[3] Not to be used over 1000°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.6 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 225 590 790 1185 1775 2955 4930
200 225 590 790 1185 1775 2955 4930
300 225 590 790 1185 1775 2955 4930
400 200 570 765 1145 1775 2860 4765
500 170 550 735 1105 1655 2755 4595
600 140 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440
650 125 525 695 1045 1570 2615 4355
700 110 510 685 1025 1535 2560 4270
750 95 475 630 945 1420 2365 3945
800 80 475 630 945 1420 2365 3945
850 65 460 615 920 1380 2295 3830
900 50 440 590 885 1325 2210 3685
950 35 315 420 630 945 1575 2630
1000 20 200 270 405 605 1010 1685
1050 20 [1] 155 205 310 465 770 1285
1100 20 [1] 95 130 190 290 480 800
1150 20 [1] 60 80 125 185 310 515
1200 15 [1] 40 50 75 115 190 315

ASME B16.34 GROUP 2 MATERIALS: STAINLESS STEEL

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
2.1 18CR-8NI A182 Gr. F304
A182 Gr. F304H
A351 Gr. CF3
A351 Gr. CF8
A240 Gr. 304
A240 Gr. 340H
A182 Gr. F304
A182 Gr. F304H
A479 Gr. 304
A479 Gr. 304H
A312 Gr. TP304
A312 Gr. TP304H
A358 Gr. 304
A376 Gr. TP304
A376 Gr. TP304H
A430 Gr. FP304
A430 Gr. FP304H
2.2 16CR-12NI-2MO
18CR-8NI18CR-13NI-3MO
16CR-12NI-2MO
19CR-10NI-3MO
A182 Gr. F316
A182 Gr. F316H
A351 Gr. CF3A
A351 Gr. CF8AA351 Gr. CF3M
A351 Gr. CF8M
A351 Gr. CG8M
A240 Gr. 316
A240 Gr. 316HA240 Gr. 317
A182 Gr. F316
A182 Gr. F316H
A479 Gr. 316
A479 Gr. 316H
A312 Gr. TP316
A312 Gr. TP316H
A358 Gr. 316
A376 Gr. TP316
A376 Gr. TP316H
A430 Gr. FP316
A430 Gr. FP316HA312 Gr. TP317
2.3 18CR-8NI
16CR-12NI-2MO
A182 Gr. F304LA182 Gr. F316L A240 Gr. 304LA240 Gr. 316L A182 Gr. F304L
A479 Gr. 304L
A182 Gr. F316L
A479 Gr. 316L
A312 Gr. TP304L
A312 Gr. TP316L
2.4 18CR-10NI-TI A182 Gr. F321
A182 Gr. F321H
A240 Gr. 321
A240 Gr. 321H
A182 Gr. F321
A479 Gr. 321
A182 Gr. F321H
A479 Gr. 321H
A312 Gr. TP321
A312 Gr. TP321H
A358 Gr. 321
A376 Gr. TP321
A376 Gr. TP321H
A430 Gr. FP321
A430 Gr. FP321H
2.5 18CR-10NI-CB A182 Gr. F347
A182 Gr. F347H
A182 Gr. F348
A182 Gr. F348H
A351 Gr. CF8C A240 Gr. 347
A240 Gr. 347H
A240 Gr. 348
A240 Gr. 348H
A182 Gr. F347
A182 Gr. F347H
A182 Gr. F348
A182 Gr. F348H
A479 Gr. 347A479 Gr. 347H
A479 Gr. 348
A479 Gr. 348H
A312 Gr. TP347
A312 Gr. TP347H
A358 Gr. TP347
A376 Gr. TP347
A376 Gr. TP347H
A376 Gr. TP348
A430 Gr. FP347
A430 Gr. FP347H
A312 Gr. TP348
A312 Gr. TP348H
2.6 25CR-12NI
23CR-12NI
A351 Gr. CH8
A351 Gr. CH20
A240 Gr. 309S
A240 Gr. 309H
A312 Gr. TP309H
A358 Gr. 309H
2.7 25CR-20NI A182 Gr. F310H A351 Gr. CK20 A240 Gr. 310S
A240 Gr. 310H
A182 Gr. F310H
A479 Gr. 310H
A479 Gr. 310S
A312 Gr. TP310HA358 Gr. 310H
2.8 20CR-18NI-6MO
22CR-5NI-3MO-N
25CR-7NI-4MO-N24CR-10NI-4MO-V
25CR-5NI-2MO-2CU
25CR-7NI-3.5MO-W-CB
25CR-7NI-3.5MO-N-CB-W
A182 Gr. F44A182 Gr. F51
A182 Gr. F53
A182 Gr. F55
A351 Gr. CK3MCuN
A351 Gr. CE8MN
A351 Gr. CD4MCu
A351 Gr. CD3MWCuN
A240 Gr. S31254A240 Gr. S31803
A240 Gr. S32750
A240 Gr. S32760
A479 Gr. S31254
A479 Gr. S31803
A479 Gr. S32750
A312 Gr. S31254
A358 Gr. S31254
A789 Gr. S31803
A790 Gr. S31803
A789 Gr. S32750
A790 Gr. S32750
A789 Gr. S32760
A790 Gr. S32760

GROUP 2.1

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
2.1 18CR-8NI A182 Gr. F304 [1]
A182 Gr. F304H
A351 Gr. CF3 [2]
A351 Gr. CF8 [1]
A240 Gr. 304 [1]
A240 Gr. 340H
A182 Gr. F304 [1]
A182 Gr. F304H
A479 Gr. 304 [1]
A479 Gr. 304H
A312 Gr. TP304 [1]
A312 Gr. TP304H
A358 Gr. 304 [1]
A376 Gr. TP304 [1]
A376 Gr. TP304H
A430 Gr. FP304 [1]
A430 Gr. FP304H

[1] At temperatures over 1000°F, use only when the carbon content is 0.04% or higher.
[2] Not to be used over 800°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 2.1 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000
200 230 600 800 1200 1800 3000 5000
300 205 540 720 1080 1620 2700 4500
400 190 495 660 995 1490 2485 4140
500 170 465 620 930 1395 2330 3880
600 140 435 580 875 1310 2185 3640
650 125 430 575 860 1290 2150 3580
700 110 425 565 850 1275 2125 3540
750 95 415 555 830 1245 2075 3460
800 80 405 540 805 1210 2015 3360
850 65 395 530 790 1190 1980 3300
900 50 390 520 780 1165 1945 3240
950 35 380 510 765 1145 1910 3180
1000 20 320 430 640 965 1605 2675
1050 20 [1] 310 410 615 925 1545 2570
1100 20 [1] 255 345 515 770 1285 2145
1150 20 [1] 200 265 400 595 995 1655
1200 20 [1] 155 205 310 465 770 1285
1250 20 [1] 115 150 225 340 565 945
1300 20 [1] 85 115 170 255 430 715
1350 20 [1] 60 80 125 185 310 515
1400 20 [1] 50 65 95 145 240 400
1450 15 [1] 35 45 70 105 170 285
1500 10 [1] 25 35 55 80 135 230

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. The flanged end rating stops at 1000°F.

GROUP 2.2

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
2.2 16CR-12NI-2MO
18CR-8NI18CR-13NI-3MO
16CR-12NI-2MO
19CR-10NI-3MO
A182 Gr. F316 [1]
A182 Gr. F316H
A351 Gr. CF3A [2]
A351 Gr. CF8A [2]A351 Gr. CF3M [3]
A351 Gr. CF8M [1]
A351 Gr. CG8M [4]
A240 Gr. 316 [1]
A240 Gr. 316HA240 Gr. 317 [1]
A182 Gr. F316 [1]
A182 Gr. F316H
A479 Gr. 316 [1]
A479 Gr. 316H
A312 Gr. TP316 [1]
A312 Gr. TP316H
A358 Gr. 316 [1]
A376 Gr. TP316 [1]
A376 Gr. TP316H
A430 Gr. FP316 [1]
A430 Gr. FP316HA312 Gr. TP317 [1]

[1] At temperatures over 1000°F, use only when carbon content is 0.04% or higher.
[2] Not to be used over 650°F.
[3] Not to be used over 850°F.
[4] Not to be used over 1000°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 2.2 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000
200 235 620 825 1240 1860 3095 5160
300 215 560 745 1120 1680 2795 4660
400 195 515 685 1025 1540 2570 4280
500 170 480 635 955 1435 2390 3980
600 140 450 600 900 1355 2255 3760
650 125 445 590 890 1330 2220 3700
700 110 430 580 870 1305 2170 3620
750 95 425 570 855 1280 2135 3560
800 80 420 565 845 1265 2110 3520
850 65 420 555 835 1255 2090 3480
900 50 415 555 830 1245 2075 3460
950 35 385 515 775 1160 1930 3220
1000 20 350 465 700 1050 1750 2915
1050 20 [1] 345 460 685 1030 1720 2865
1100 20 [1] 305 405 610 915 1525 2545
1150 20 [1] 235 315 475 710 1185 1970
1200 20 [1] 185 245 370 555 925 1545
1250 20 [1] 145 195 295 440 735 1230
1300 20 [1] 115 155 235 350 585 970
1350 20 [1] 95 130 190 290 480 800
1400 20 [1] 75 100 150 225 380 630
1450 20 [1] 60 80 115 175 290 485
1500 20 [1] 40 55 85 125 205 345

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. Flanged end rating stops at 1000°F.

ASME B16.34 GROUP 3 MATERIALS: NICKEL ALLOYS

MaterialGroup No. Material NominalDesignation Forging Casting Plate Bar Tubular
3.1 35NI-35FE-20CR-CB B462 Gr. N08020 B463 Gr. N08020 B473 Gr. N08020 B464 Gr. N08020
B468 Gr. N08020
3.2 99NI B160 Gr. N02200 B162 Gr. N02200 B160 Gr. N02200 B161 Gr. N02200
B163 Gr. N02200
3.3 99NI-Low C B160 Gr. N02201 B162 Gr. N02201 B160 Gr. N02201
3.4 67NI-30CU67NI-30CU-S B564 Gr. N04400B564 Gr. N04405 B127 Gr. N04400 B164 Gr. N04400B164 Gr. N04405 B165 Gr. N04400
B163 Gr. N04400
3.5 72NI-15CR-8FE B564 Gr. N06600 B168 Gr. N06600 B166 Gr. N06600 B167 Gr. N06600
B163 Gr. N06600
3.6 33NI-42FE-21CR B564 Gr. N08800 B409 Gr. N08800 B408 Gr. N08800 B163 Gr. N08800
3.7 65NI-28MO-2FE B335 Gr. N10665 B333 Gr. N10665 B335 Gr. N10665 B662 Gr. N10665
3.8 54NI-16MO-15CR
60NI-22CR-9MO-3.5CB
62NI-28MO-5FE
70NI-16MO-7CR-5FE
61NI-16MO-16CR
42NI-21.5CR-3MO-2.3CU
B564 Gr. N10276
B564 Gr. N06625
B335 Gr. N10001
B573 Gr. N10003
B574 Gr. N06455
B425 Gr. N08825
B575 Gr. N10276
B443 Gr. N06625
B333 Gr. N10001
B434 Gr. N10003
B575 Gr. N06455
B424 Gr. N08825
B574 Gr. N10276
B446 Gr. N06625
B335 Gr. N10001
B573 Gr. N10003
B574 Gr. N06455
B425 Gr. N08825
B622 Gr. N10276B622 Gr. N10001B622 Gr. N06455
B423 Gr. N08825
3.9 47NI-22CR-9MO-18FE B572 Gr. N06002 B435 Gr. N06002 B572 Gr. N06002 B622 Gr. N06002
3.10 25NI-47FE-21CR-5MO B672 Gr. N08700 B599 Gr. N08700 B672 Gr. N08700
3.11 44FE-25NI-21CR-MO B649 Gr. N08904 B625 Gr. N08904 B649 Gr. N08904 B677 Gr. N08904
3.12 26NI-43FE-22CR-5MO
47NI-22CR-20FE-7MO
B621 Gr. N08320
B581 Gr. N06985
B620 Gr. N08320
B582 Gr. N06985
B621 Gr. N08320
B581 Gr. N06985
B622 Gr. N08320
B622 Gr. N06985
3.13 49NI-25CR-18FE-6MO
NI-FE-CR-MO-CU-Low C
B581 Gr. N06975
B564 Gr. N08031
B582 Gr. N06975
B625 Gr. N08031
B581 Gr. N06975
B649 Gr. N08031
B622 Gr. N06975
B622 Gr. N08031
3.14 47NI-22CR-19FE-6MO B581 Gr. N06007 B582 Gr. N06007 B581 Gr. N06007 B622 Gr. N06007
3.15 33NI-2FE-21CR
NI-MO
NI-MO-CR
B564 Gr. N08810 B494 Gr. N-12MW
B494 Gr. CW-12MW
B409 Gr. N08810 B408 Gr. N08810 B407 Gr. N08810
3.16 35NI-19CR-1 1/4SI B511 Gr. N08330 B536 Gr. N08330 B511 Gr. N08330 B535 Gr. N08330
3.17 29NI-20.5CR-3.5CU-2.5MO A351 Gr. CN-7M

MAX GAGE PRESSURE (In Psi) BY TEMPERATURE

Group 3.1

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 290 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
200 260 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000
300 230 715 950 1425 2140 3565 5940
400 200 675 900 1345 2020 3365 5610
500 170 655 875 1310 1965 3275 5460
600 140 605 805 1210 1815 3025 5040
650 125 590 785 1175 1765 2940 4905
700 110 570 755 1135 1705 2840 4730
750 95 530 710 1065 1595 2660 4430
800 80 510 675 1015 1525 2540 4230

Group 3.2

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 140 360 480 720 1080 1800 3000
200 140 360 480 720 1080 1800 3000
300 140 360 480 720 1080 1800 3000
400 140 360 480 720 1080 1800 3000
500 140 360 480 720 1080 1800 3000
600 140 360 480 720 1080 1800 3000

Group 3.3

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 90 240 320 480 720 1200 2000
200 85 230 305 455 685 1140 1900
300 85 225 300 445 670 1115 1860
400 85 215 290 430 650 1080 1800
500 85 215 290 430 650 1080 1800
600 85 215 290 430 650 1080 1800
650 85 215 290 430 650 1080 1800
700 85 215 290 430 650 1080 1800
750 80 210 280 420 635 1055 1760
800 80 205 270 410 610 1020 1700
850 65 205 270 410 610 1020 1700
900 50 140 185 280 415 695 1155
950 35 115 150 230 345 570 950
1000 20 95 125 185 280 465 770
1050 20 [1] 75 100 150 220 370 615
1100 20 [1] 60 80 125 185 310 515
1150 20 [1] 45 60 95 140 230 385
1200 15 [1] 35 50 75 110 185 310

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. The flanged end rating stops at 1000°F.

Group 3.4

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
200 200 530 705 1055 1585 2640 4400
300 190 495 660 990 1485 2470 4120
400 185 480 635 955 1435 2390 3980
500 170 475 635 950 1435 2375 3960
600 140 475 635 950 1435 2375 3960
650 125 475 635 950 1435 2375 3960
700 110 475 635 950 1435 2375 3960
750 95 470 625 935 1405 2340 3900
800 80 460 610 915 1375 2290 3820
850 65 340 455 680 1020 1695 2830
900 50 245 330 495 740 1235 2055

Group 3.5

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 290 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
200 260 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
300 230 730 970 1455 2185 3640 6070
400 200 705 940 1410 2115 3530 5880
500 170 665 885 1330 1995 3325 5540
600 140 605 805 1210 1815 3025 5040
650 125 590 785 1175 1765 2940 4905
700 110 570 755 1135 1705 2840 4730
750 95 530 710 1065 1595 2660 4430
800 80 510 675 1015 1525 2540 4230
850 65 485 650 975 1460 2435 4060
900 50 450 600 900 1350 2245 3745
950 35 325 435 655 980 1635 2725
1000 20 215 290 430 650 1080 1800
1050 20 [1] 140 185 280 415 695 1155
1100 20 [1] 95 125 185 280 465 770
1150 20 [1] 70 90 135 205 340 565
1200 20 [1] 60 80 125 185 310 515

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. Flanged end rating stop at 1000°F.

Group 3.10

Temp. °F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to 100 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000
200 260 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000
300 230 680 905 1360 2040 3400 5670
400 200 640 855 1280 1920 3205 5340
500 170 610 815 1225 1835 3060 5100
600 140 595 790 1190 1780 2970 4950
650 125 570 760 1140 1705 2845 4740

We recommend purchasing the ASME B16.34 specification from the ASME website or from the IHS store to get a complete understanding of this topic.

,

Differences between Casting Vs. Forging

Steel items can be produced through either casting or forging processes. In steel casting, the metal is melted until it becomes liquid and is then poured into a mold to form the desired shape. Conversely, steel forging involves applying mechanical pressure to heated solid steel blocks (like ingots or billets), and permanently molding them into the required products.

STEEL FORGING VS. CASTING

BASIC DEFINITIONS

Steel casting and forging are two fundamental manufacturing processes used to form steel into desired products, each with distinct characteristics, advantages, and applications. Understanding the differences between these methods is crucial for choosing the most suitable approach for specific industrial needs.

Steel Casting

Steel casting involves melting steel into a liquid state and pouring it into a mold, where it solidifies into a specific shape. This process is advantageous for creating complex shapes and components that would be challenging to manufacture through other methods. Cast steel products can range from simple parts like gears and valves to intricate designs such as components for heavy machinery and automotive assemblies.

Steel casting finds applications in industries where complex shapes or specialized materials are required, including automotive, mining, aerospace, and construction.

Steel Forging

Forging involves heating solid steel blocks (ingots or billets) and then deforming them under high pressure or impact to achieve the desired shape. This process can be performed at various temperatures, leading to classifications such as cold forging, warm forging, and hot forging.

Steel forging is widely used in industries requiring high-strength components, such as automotive and aerospace for parts like gears, shafts, levers, and critical fasteners (including valves).

Cast Valve Materials

Both manufacturing processes require the application of high temperatures to steel raw materials (to liquefy or make it malleable) and the execution of CNC machining work at the end of the process to obtain the final product.

Final products may also undergo surface finish treatment, such as painting, powder coating, polishing, various types of coating (for example zinc plating) and wear protection/hardening (application of tungsten carbide overlay).

Last but not least, cast and forged parts may be assembled, welded, brazed, and hard-faced before being shipped as final products.

The products resulting from casting and forging processes have different properties in terms of surface porosity (generally better for forged vs. cast products), grain structure (finer for forged products), tensile strength (generally superior for forged products), and fatigue resistance.

These alternative manufacturing processes are therefore used (and suited for) different circumstances and applications.

CHOOSING BETWEEN CAST & FORGED PRODUCTS

The decision to use casting or forging depends on several factors:

  • Design Complexity: Casting is preferred for more complex shapes while forging is ideal for simpler, high-strength parts.
  • Material Properties: If the application requires specific alloy properties, casting may offer more flexibility. For applications where material strength and integrity are paramount, forging is often the better choice.
  • Production Volume: Forging can be more cost effective for large production runs of simpler shapes, whereas casting can be more economical for small to medium batches, especially of complex parts.
  • Cost Considerations: Initial setup costs for casting molds can be high, but per-unit costs decrease with volume. Forging requires significant investment in tooling and machinery, especially for high-volume production.

The casting process is generally preferred for:

  • parts and components that would be too complex or expensive to manufacture by steel forging (for example: large valve bodies);
  • parts that have internal cavities;
  • large-sized parts (there are virtually no size limits in terms of the weight of the parts that can be produced with the casting process);
  • parts in special alloys (some specific alloys are more difficult to forge than cast, for example, those with a high content of Nickel and Moly, which have considerable resistance to mechanical forces);
  • parts requiring mass production and small lots.

The forging process is preferred for:

  • parts requiring extremely high strength, toughness, and resistance (indeed, during the forging process the steel grain structure gets modified to conform to the shape of the final product – with high uniformity of composition and metallurgical recrystallization);
  • parts that have to withstand stronger impacts and mechanical forces;
  • parts where porosity, the risk of a gas void, pockets, and the possible formation of cavities (even micro-granular) are not acceptable;
  • production of mechanically strong parts without using expensive alloys;
  • parts that require high wear resistance;
  • parts subject to high loads and stress;
  • high-end applications when the integrity and the quality of the part are the main objectives in the production process, rather than time and cost.

 

The evolution of casting technologies has reduced the gap between the physical properties of cast vs. forged products making modern cast products very competitive in terms of quality, strength, and wear resistance: however, in many fields, steel forging remains, still, the preferred manufacturing option (example: small sized valves, i.e. forged valves, or high-pressure valves).

Read about forging steel on Wikipedia.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Steel casting and forging are used to produce products and parts for a multitude of sectors, including but not limited to:

  • petrochemical plants (for example forged valvesforged fittings, flanges, etc)
  • power generation and waste processing
  • mining and mineral processing
  • agriculture and livestock handling
  • water treatment
  • aeronautics
  • automobile industry (pulleys and gear wheels)
  • materials handling
  • brickworks
  • asphalt plants
  • stormwater parts
  • rendering plants
  • railways

STEEL CASTING

DEFINITION

Steel casting is a manufacturing process that involves melting steel until it becomes liquid, then pouring the molten steel into a mold where it solidifies into the desired shape. This method allows for the production of parts with complex geometries and detailed features that might be challenging to achieve through other manufacturing processes.

cast valve body
cast valve body

The molds used can be made from a variety of materials, including sand, metal, or ceramics, depending on the precision, surface finish, and reuse requirements of the casting. Steel castings are utilized across a broad range of industries, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and energy, due to their versatility in shape and size, and the ability to tailor the material properties through the selection of specific steel alloys and post-casting treatments such as heat treatment.

This process is particularly valuable for producing components that require high strength, durability, and resistance to wear and corrosion.

STEEL CASTING PROCESS

The steel casting manufacturing process involves several key steps that transform steel into precisely shaped components. This process is known for its ability to produce complex shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design and material properties.

Here’s an overview of the main stages in the steel casting manufacturing process (in general terms, variations may exist based on the specific type of casting process adopted):

1. Pattern Making

The first step is creating a pattern that represents the shape of the final casting. Patterns can be made from various materials such as wood, plastic, or metal, depending on the complexity of the design and the casting quantity. The pattern is a replica of the final part but slightly larger to account for the shrinkage of the metal during cooling.

2. Mold Making

Using the pattern, a mold is made by packing a molding material (often sand mixed with binders) around the pattern in a molding box. When the pattern is removed, it leaves a cavity in the shape of the part to be cast. For complex parts, the mold consists of two halves (cope and drag) that are assembled before pouring. Cores may be used to form internal cavities within the casting.

3. Melting and Pouring

Steel is melted in a furnace at temperatures exceeding 1600°C (2900°F). The composition of the steel alloy is carefully controlled to meet the specific properties required for the casting. Once the steel is melted and any required alloying elements are added, the molten steel is poured into the prepared mold. The pouring process must be carefully controlled to ensure the mold is filled completely and to avoid defects.

4. Solidification and Cooling

After pouring, the steel begins to cool and solidify within the mold. Cooling rates can affect the microstructure and properties of the cast part. In some cases, directional solidification is used to control the way the metal cools, minimizing internal stresses and defects.

5. Mold Removal

Once the steel has fully solidified and cooled, the mold material is broken away to reveal the cast part. Sand molds are typically destroyed to remove the casting, while metal molds (used in permanent mold casting processes) are opened and reused.

6. Cleaning and Finishing

The casting is cleaned to remove any residual mold material and inspected for defects. Excess material from the pouring process, such as gates and runners, is removed. The casting may undergo various finishing processes, including grinding, machining, and heat treatment, to achieve the desired surface finish and mechanical properties.

7. Inspection and Quality Control

The final step involves inspecting the casting for defects and ensuring it meets the specified dimensions and material properties. Non-destructive testing methods such as X-ray or ultrasonic testing may be used to detect internal defects.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF CAST STEEL

Advantages

Cast steel offers a unique set of advantages that make it a preferred choice for a wide range of applications across various industries. These benefits stem from the versatility of the casting process as well as the intrinsic properties of steel. Here are some of the key advantages of cast steel:

1. Design Flexibility

Cast steel allows for the production of complex shapes and intricate designs that are difficult or impossible to achieve with other manufacturing processes. This flexibility enables designers and engineers to create components with optimized geometries for specific applications, incorporating features like internal cavities, contours, and complex external shapes without the need for assembly or welding of multiple parts.

2. Material Properties

Steel casting can utilize a wide range of steel alloys, offering the ability to tailor the material properties to specific application requirements. This includes adjusting the alloy composition to enhance strength, ductility, wear resistance, impact resistance, and corrosion resistance. Additionally, post-casting heat treatments can further modify the mechanical properties, providing additional customization options to meet the demands of the application.

3. Large Component Production

The steel casting process is well-suited for producing large components that would be challenging or cost-prohibitive to manufacture through forging or machining from a solid block of steel. This capability is particularly valuable in industries such as mining, construction, maritime, and energy, where large, durable components are essential.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

For small to medium production volumes, casting can be more cost-effective than other manufacturing methods, especially for complex shapes that would require extensive machining or assembly of multiple parts. The ability to produce near-net-shape components reduces the need for additional processing and material waste, further contributing to cost savings.

5. Surface Finish and Detail

Cast steel can achieve a good surface finish and a high level of detail directly from the mold, reducing the need for additional finishing processes. This is beneficial for parts that require precise dimensions or aesthetic considerations.

6. Reliability

Steel castings undergo stringent quality control and testing procedures to ensure they meet the required specifications and standards. Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, such as x-ray, ultrasonic, and magnetic particle inspection, help detect any internal or surface defects, ensuring the reliability and performance of the cast component in its intended application.

7. Speed to Market

The casting process can be relatively quick from design to production, especially for prototypes or limited production runs. This speed can significantly reduce the time to market for new products or components, providing a competitive advantage.

In conclusion, the combination of design flexibility, customizable material properties, and cost-effectiveness makes cast steel a versatile and valuable option for a wide range of industrial applications. From heavy machinery and automotive components to artistic and architectural elements, the advantages of cast steel enable engineers and designers to meet complex challenges and deliver innovative solutions.

Disadvantages

The manufacturing and utilization of cast steel components offer distinct advantages but also come with certain disadvantages. Understanding these can help in making informed decisions about when and how to use cast steel in various applications:

1. Cost

  • Initial Costs: The production of cast steel components can involve high initial costs due to the need for specialized molds, which can be expensive to manufacture, especially for intricate designs or low production volumes. This can make cast steel less economical for small batches.
  • Material Costs: Steel, especially alloyed varieties used in casting for enhanced properties, can be more expensive than other metals, adding to the overall cost of the casting process.

2. Surface Finish and Tolerances

  • Surface Finish: Cast steel might have a rougher surface finish compared to other manufacturing processes like forging or machining. This can necessitate additional finishing processes, increasing production time and costs.
  • Dimensional Tolerances: Achieving tight dimensional tolerances can be more challenging with cast steel, especially for complex shapes or large components. This might require further machining or processing to meet precise specifications.

3. Porosity and Defects

  • Porosity: The casting process can introduce porosity (tiny holes or voids) in the steel, which can affect the mechanical strength and integrity of the part. Porosity is particularly concerning in applications where pressure integrity or structural strength is critical.
  • Defects: Castings are susceptible to various defects such as shrinkage cavities, cold shuts, and inclusions. These defects not only compromise the structural integrity and mechanical properties of the part but also require rigorous inspection and quality control measures to detect and mitigate.

4. Material Limitations

  • Alloy Restrictions: While casting allows for the use of a wide range of alloys, some compositions might not be suitable for casting due to their melting characteristics or reactions with mold materials. This can limit the choice of materials for specific applications.
  • Size and Weight Limitations: There are practical limits to the size and weight of cast steel components, dictated by the capacity of foundry equipment and the challenges of managing heat dissipation and material properties uniformly across large castings.

5. Environmental Considerations

  • Energy Consumption: The melting and casting of steel require significant amounts of energy, contributing to the environmental footprint of cast steel products.
  • Waste Production: The process can generate waste, including used molds and cores, excess metal from gates and risers, and defective castings, which need to be managed and recycled when possible.

TYPES OF STEEL CASTING PROCESSES

Steel casting processes can be categorized based on the type of mold used, the method of mold filling, and the handling of the molten steel. Each process has its unique advantages and is suited to specific applications. Here’s an overview of the primary types of steel casting processes:

Sand Casting

Sand casting is the oldest casting method and consists of pouring liquid metal into binders that resist the molten metal (such as clay bonded/green sand hard bonded/resin, thermosetting resin sand, and shell).

Sand Casting

  • Description: This is the most common and versatile method, using sand molds to create steel parts. The sand can be shaped into complex forms, making it suitable for a wide range of components.
  • Applications: Used for large parts and small to medium production runs, including automotive frames, heavy machinery components, and decorative pieces.

Investment Casting (Lost Wax Casting)

This term refers to precision molding executed by injecting the liquid metal into a metal die and a ceramic coating. The mold material can be hard wax, lost wax, lost foam, and similar. Investment casting is the preferred method for manufacturing parts with a high number of details, and small parts that cannot afford the costs of traditional sand casting.

Investment casting process

  • Description: A precision casting process where a wax model is coated with refractory material to create a mold. After the wax is melted out, molten steel is poured into the cavity. This method provides excellent surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
  • Applications: Ideal for small, complex components with tight tolerances, such as turbine blades, medical equipment, and firearm components.

Centrifugal Casting

  • Description: In this process, molten steel is poured into a rotating mold, creating parts with cylindrical shapes. The centrifugal force pushes the molten steel against the mold walls, producing a dense and uniform casting.
  • Applications: Used for components requiring high material integrity, such as pipes, cylinders, and rings.

Continuous Casting

  • Description: A highly efficient process where molten steel is solidified in a continuous strand through a mold. The solidified steel is then cut into desired lengths. This method significantly reduces the need for further processing.
  • Applications: Primarily used for producing basic shapes like billets, blooms, and slabs, which are further processed into various steel products.

Shell Molding

  • Description: Similar to sand casting, but uses a resin-coated sand that bonds to form a shell around the pattern. This method offers a better surface finish and more precise dimensions than traditional sand casting.
  • Applications: Suitable for medium to high-volume production of small to medium-sized parts, such as valve components and gear housings.

Vacuum Casting

  • Description: A process where molten steel is poured into a mold under a vacuum. This reduces the occurrence of defects and improves the quality of the casting by minimizing turbulence and gas entrapment.
  • Applications: Used for components that require high integrity and are free of pores and voids, such as in the aerospace and power generation industries.

Die Casting

  • Note: While die casting is predominantly used with non-ferrous metals due to the high melting point of steel, there are specialized high-pressure die-casting processes capable of handling steel alloys.
  • Applications: Suitable for high-volume production of small, precise components that require a good surface finish.

Each steel casting process has its ideal applications based on the required part size, complexity, production volume, and material properties. Selecting the appropriate casting method is crucial for achieving the desired part performance and cost-efficiency. Sand casting is used for large parts, investment casting for small parts up to 100 kilograms and 1,5 meters of max. length.

STEEL FORGING

DEFINITION

Steel forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. In steel forging, steel is heated to a high temperature, making it pliable, and then it is hammered, pressed, or rolled into a desired shape.

This process can be performed at various temperatures, leading to different classifications such as hot forging, warm forging, and cold forging, each offering distinct advantages in terms of the material’s ductility and finished properties.

Steel forging appeared in China in the ancient ages to produce various types of metal products.

While the methods and equipment for creating forged components have evolved since those old days—from traditional anvils, hammers, and manual labor to modern automated machinery like hydraulic presses—the fundamental process of steel forging remains consistent. It involves heating solid steel blocks and then shaping them into finished products through the application of mechanical forces, such as hammering.

FORGING PROCESS

The steel forging process is a critical manufacturing technique used to shape metal into desired forms through the application of force and heat. It involves several key steps that transform a piece of steel into a strong, durable component with specific properties. Here’s a detailed look at the steel forging process:

1. Material Selection

The process begins with selecting the appropriate type of steel for the intended application. The choice depends on the required mechanical properties, such as strength, ductility, and resistance to wear and corrosion. Commonly used steel grades in forging include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel.

2. Heating

The selected steel is heated to a high temperature, typically between 950°C and 1250°C (1742°F and 2282°F), although the exact temperature depends on the type of steel and the specific forging process being used. Heating the steel makes it more pliable and easier to deform. This step is crucial for hot forging, while warm forging and cold forging require different temperature ranges.

3. Forging

Once the steel is at the appropriate temperature, it is forged using one of several techniques:

  • Hammer Forging (Drop Forging): The steel is placed on an anvil and struck repeatedly with a hammer, either manually or mechanically. This method is effective for creating a wide variety of shapes with good precision.
  • Press Forging: The steel is compressed between two dies using a hydraulic or mechanical press, applying pressure gradually rather than through successive impacts. Press forging allows for better control over the deformation process and is suitable for large-scale production.
  • Rolled Forging: The heated steel is passed through two rolls that decrease its thickness and increase its length. Rolled forging is commonly used for producing long, cylindrical shapes like shafts.

4. Shaping

During the forging process, the steel’s internal grain structure deforms to conform to the shape of the part. This alignment enhances the mechanical properties of the steel, such as strength and toughness. The steel can be shaped into nearly any form, from simple flat sheets to complex geometrical components.

5. Trimming

Excess material, known as flash, is often produced during the forging process, especially in die forging. This excess material is trimmed off while the steel is still hot or after it cools down, depending on the specific process and material properties required.

6. Heat Treatment

After forging, the steel components may undergo various heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering. These treatments are used to adjust the steel’s properties, such as increasing hardness, improving ductility, or relieving internal stresses induced during forging.

7. Finishing

The last step involves finishing the forged steel component to achieve the desired surface finish and dimensional accuracy. This may include machining, grinding, and polishing, depending on the application requirements.

8. Inspection and Testing

Finally, the forged steel components are inspected and tested to ensure they meet the required specifications and quality standards. This can involve dimensional checks, visual inspection, and various non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic or magnetic particle inspection.

Upon completion of the process, the resulting products possess remarkable strength, impact toughness, and resistance to wear. This is attributed to the metallurgical changes, specifically recrystallization and grain refinement, that occur due to the thermal and mechanical treatments applied during the process.

The video below shows how steel forging works:

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF FORGED STEEL

Forged steel, known for its strength and reliability, is a preferred material for many industrial applications. However, like any manufacturing process, steel forging has its set of advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these can help in making informed decisions about its use in specific applications.

Advantages Of Forged Steel

1. Superior Strength and Toughness

Forging refines the grain structure of the steel, aligning it with the shape of the product. This enhances the mechanical properties of the steel, making forged parts stronger and more resistant to impact and fatigue compared to cast or machined parts.

2. Improved Reliability

The forging process produces parts with consistent material properties and without internal voids, cracks, or other defects that could weaken the part. This uniformity ensures high reliability and performance, especially in critical applications.

3. Reduced Material Waste

Modern forging techniques are highly efficient, often resulting in less material waste compared to other manufacturing processes like casting or machining. This efficiency can lead to cost savings, especially in high-volume production.

4. Versatility in Materials

Steel forging can be performed with a wide range of alloys, allowing for the production of parts with specific properties tailored to the application, including high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance.

5. Cost-Effective for Large Production Runs

Although the initial setup and tooling costs can be high, forging can be more cost-effective than other processes for large production runs due to its material efficiency and the reduced need for secondary processing.

Disadvantages Of Forged Steel

1. Higher Initial Costs

The initial costs for setup and tooling in forging can be significant, especially for complex shapes. This can make forging less economical for small production runs compared to other manufacturing processes.

2. Limitations on Shape Complexity

While forging can produce a wide range of shapes, extremely complex or intricate designs may be challenging to achieve through forging alone and might require additional machining or processing.

3. Size Limitations

The size of forgings is generally limited by the capacity of the forging equipment. Very large components might be difficult or impractical to forge and may require alternative manufacturing methods.

4. Need for Secondary Processing

Depending on the application’s requirements, forged parts may require secondary processes such as machining, heat treatment, or surface finishing to achieve the desired dimensions, properties, or surface quality.

5. Energy Intensive

The forging process, particularly hot forging, requires significant amounts of energy to heat the metal, which can impact the overall environmental footprint of the manufacturing process

TYPES OF STEEL FORGING PROCESSES

Steel forging processes vary in technique and application, each suited to different manufacturing requirements and objectives. These processes are categorized mainly based on the temperature at which the steel is forged (cold, warm, or hot forging) and the method of applying force (hammer or press forging). Here’s a closer look at the primary types of steel forging processes:

1. Hot Forging

  • Description: Performed at temperatures typically between 950°C and 1250°C (1742°F to 2282°F), hot forging allows the steel to be shaped easily, as the high temperature increases its plasticity and reduces resistance to deformation.
  • Advantages: Enables the forging of complex shapes with less force and energy; reduces strain hardening during the process.
  • Applications: Used for parts that require high strength and toughness, such as automotive components, construction equipment, and machinery parts.

2. Cold Forging

  • Description: This process is carried out at or near room temperature, offering a cleaner finish and stronger products due to strain hardening.
  • Advantages: Produces parts with excellent surface finish and dimensional accuracy; increases the strength of the steel through work hardening.
  • Applications: Suitable for smaller products with simpler shapes, like fasteners, screws, and bolts, where high precision and strength are required.

3. Warm Forging

  • Description: Warm forging is conducted at temperatures ranging from 650°C to 950°C (1202°F to 1742°F), serving as a middle ground between hot and cold forging.
  • Advantages: Balances the benefits of hot and cold forging, allowing for reduced force compared to cold forging and better dimensional accuracy than hot forging.
  • Applications: Often used for medium-complexity parts where a balance between strength, precision, and cost is needed.

4. Open-Die Forging

  • Description: In open-die forging, the steel is worked between two flat or simply contoured dies that do not enclose the workpiece, allowing the material to flow outward as it is forged.
  • Advantages: Highly versatile, capable of producing very large parts, and allows for the adjustment of the workpiece during forging.
  • Applications: Ideal for large, simple shapes such as shafts, bars, beams, and plates.

Open die forging involves shaping metal by pressing or hammering it between two dies that don’t entirely enclose the material. The piece of metal is worked upon through successive movements of the dies, which apply force to mold the metal into the desired shape. This technique is demonstrated in the action showcased in the video below:

5. Closed-Die Forging (Impression-Die Forging)

  • Description: Steel is compressed between two or more dies that contain a precut profile of the desired part, resulting in a more precise and complex shape.
  • Advantages: Produces parts with close tolerances and minimal waste; suitable for high-volume production.
  • Applications: Widely used for automotive, aerospace, and industrial components that require detailed features and high strength.

Closed-die forging is a process where the dies close in on the workpiece, either completely enclosing it or partially. The process begins by placing a piece of heated raw material, roughly shaped or sized to match the final product, into the lower die. This process is demonstrated in the following video:

6. Seamless Rolled Ring Forging

  • Description: This process involves piercing a hole in a thick, round piece of metal to create a donut shape, which is then rolled and stretched to produce a seamless ring.
  • Advantages: Efficiently produces rings with excellent structural integrity and homogeneous characteristics.
  • Applications: Commonly used for bearings, flanges, gear rings, and wind turbine components.

Difference Between Open-Die & Close-Die Forging

Open-die and closed-die forging are two fundamental processes used in metalworking to shape metal, especially steel, into desired forms through the application of force. While both processes serve the purpose of forging, they differ significantly in their methodologies, applications, and the types of products they produce. Understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the appropriate forging process for a specific application.

Open-Die Forging Key Features
  • Versatility in Shape and Size: Suitable for large or uniquely shaped components that cannot be forged in closed dies.
  • Flexibility in Production: Ideal for low-volume production or one-off items due to the adaptability of the process.
  • Less Precise Dimensions: The final products may require further machining to achieve the desired dimensions and tolerances.
  • Greater Material Handling: Larger workpieces can be accommodated, which is beneficial for creating large industrial components.
Open-Die Forging Applications

Large industrial parts like shafts, beams, and simple shapes that require significant material deformation but not intricate details or precise dimensions.

Close-Die Forging Key Features
  • High Precision and Detail: Produces parts with close tolerances and complex geometries without the need for significant post-forging machining.
  • Efficiency in High-Volume Production: More suitable for mass production of parts due to the repeatability and speed of the process.
  • Limited to Smaller Sizes: Generally used for smaller components due to the constraints of the die sizes and press capacities.
  • Reduced Material Waste: The process is designed to closely approximate the final part shape, minimizing excess material.
Close-Die Forging Applications

Automotive, aerospace, and hardware components that require precise dimensions, complex shapes, and high strength, such as gears, levers, and fasteners.

Conclusion

The choice between open-die and closed-die forging depends on the specific requirements of the project, including the size and complexity of the parts, the precision needed, the volume of production, and cost considerations. Open-die forging is favored for its flexibility and capability to produce large parts, whereas closed-die forging is preferred for its efficiency and ability to produce parts with complex shapes and tight tolerances.

OPen vs Closed Die Forging Steel

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HOW TO ORDER A VALVE

Learn about the different types of valves used in the oil and gas industry: API and ASME gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly designs (manual or actuated, with forged and cast bodies). Valves are mechanical devices used in piping applications to control, regulate and open/close the fluid’ s flow and pressure. Forged valves are used for small bore or high-pressure piping applications, cast valves for piping systems above 2 inches. 

WHAT ARE VALVES?

INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS VALVES

Valves play a crucial role in the oil and gas industry, serving as the gatekeepers for controlling the flow of fluids through pipelines and equipment. These mechanical devices can open, close, or partially obstruct pathways to manage the movement of oil, gas, and sometimes water or other fluids, ensuring safe and efficient operation of extraction, processing, transportation, and storage systems.

Petrochemical valves
Petrochemical Valves

Let’s delve into the importance, types, and applications of valves in the oil and gas sector, offering a comprehensive overview for readers interested in the pivotal role these components play in our energy infrastructure.

Functions Of Valves In Oil And Gas

Valves are indispensable for the oil and gas industry due to their ability to:

  • Control the Flow: Regulate the rate of flow of oil and gas in pipelines, ensuring optimal operation conditions (start/stop/modulate/change the direction of the flow)
  • Maintain the Pressure: Keep the pressure within pipelines and systems at safe levels to prevent accidents and ensure the integrity of the system.
  • Ensure Safety: Act as safety devices that can shut off flow in emergency situations, preventing leaks, spills, and catastrophic failures.
  • Allow operational Flexibility: Allow for the maintenance of parts of the system without shutting down the entire operation, providing operational flexibility and minimizing downtime.

Petrochemical valves

(Source: Spirax Sarco)

ypes Of Valves In Oil And Gas

The oil and gas industry uses a wide variety of valves, each designed for specific functions, pressure ranges, and fluid types. Some of the most common include:

  • Gate Valves: Used for on/off control of fluid flow, offering minimal restriction when fully open.
  • Globe Valves: Ideal for regulating flow or pressures as well as starting or stopping flow due to their precise throttling capabilities.
  • Ball Valves: Known for their quick shut-off capabilities, providing a tight seal with a quarter-turn motion, suitable for both on/off and throttling services.
  • Butterfly Valves: Feature a disc that rotates to open or close the flow path. They are compact and suitable for large-diameter pipes, offering quick operation and low-pressure drop.
  • Check Valves: Allow fluid to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow that could damage equipment or disrupt the process.
  • Safety Valves: Automatically release pressure when it exceeds set limits to protect equipment and ensure safe operations.
  • To explore these valve types in greater detail, our site hosts specialized articles for each category. Follow the links mentioned above to gain a more comprehensive understanding of each specific valve type, if you wish to broaden your expertise.

    Applications Of Valves In Oil And Gas

    Valves are used throughout the oil and gas supply chain, from upstream exploration and production to downstream refining, distribution, and storage:

    • Upstream Operations: In drilling rigs, production wells, and offshore platforms, valves control the flow of oil and gas from reservoirs to the surface and manage injection processes for enhanced recovery.
    • Midstream Infrastructure: Valves are used in pipelines, pumping stations, and compressor stations to transport oil and gas across long distances, ensuring that flow and pressure levels are maintained.
    • Downstream Processing: In refineries and petrochemical plants, valves manage the flow of crude oil into various processes for separation, conversion, and treatment to produce fuels and chemicals.
    • Storage and Distribution: Valves are essential in tank farms and terminals for controlling the storage and loading of oil, gas, and finished products for distribution.

    A valve is manufactured by assembling multiple mechanical parts, the key ones being the body (the outer shell), the trim (the combination of the replaceable wetted parts), the stem, the bonnet, and an actioning mechanism (manual lever, gear, or actuator).

    Valves with small bore sizes (generally 2 inches) or that require high resistance to pressure and temperature are manufactured with forged steel bodies; commercial valves above 2 inches in diameter feature cast body materials.

    The valve market is rather huge in terms of revenues and number of dedicated workers: it was worth approximately 40 billion USD per year in 2018. The major manufacturers of oil & gas valves are located in the US, Europe (Italy, Germany, France, and Spain), Japan, South Korea, and China.

    In conclusion, valves are fundamental to the safe, efficient, and effective operation of the oil and gas industry, ensuring that energy resources are extracted, processed, transported, and stored with precision and care. Their variety and adaptability make them indispensable tools in the complex systems that fuel the modern world.

  • VALVE TYPES

    Valves used in the oil and gas industry and for piping applications can be classified in multiple ways:

    BY DISC TYPE (LINEAR, ROTARY, QUARTER TURN)

    In the diverse world of valves, categorizing them by their operational mechanics—specifically, how they move to regulate flow via the disc —provides insight into their suitability for different applications in industries like oil and gas, water treatment, and chemical processing.

    Let’s explore the distinctions between linear motion valves, rotary motion valves, and quarter-turn valves to understand their functionalities, advantages, and typical uses.

    Linear Motion Valves

    Linear motion valves operate by moving a closure element in a straight line to control the flow of fluid. This category includes:

    • Gate Valves: Utilize a flat gate that moves vertically to the flow, providing a straight-through pathway when open and a secure seal when closed.
    • Globe Valves: Feature a plug that moves up and down against the flow, offering precise flow regulation and the capability to stop flow entirely.
    • Diaphragm Valves: Employ a flexible diaphragm that moves up and down to permit or restrict flow.

    Advantages:

    • Precise control of flow and pressure.
    • Suitable for on/off and throttling applications, particularly where flow rate control is essential.

    Typical Uses:
    Situations requiring tight shut-offs and flow regulation, such as in water treatment plants and in the control of gas or steam.

    Rotary Motion Valves

    Rotary motion valves rotate a disc or ellipse about an axis to control fluid flow. This group encompasses:

    • Ball Valves: Contain a ball with a hole through it, which rotates 90 degrees to open or close the flow path.
    • Butterfly Valves: Have a disc mounted on a rod, which rotates to allow or block flow.

    Advantages:

    • Compact and lightweight design.
    • Quick operation with low torque requirements.
    • Generally lower in cost than linear motion valves for the same size and rating.

    Typical Uses:
    Broadly used in applications requiring rapid operation and space-saving solutions, such as in the chemical industry and for water distribution systems.

    Quarter-Turn Valves

    Quarter-turn valves are a subset of rotary motion valves that operate with a simple 90-degree turn of the handle or actuator to go from fully open to fully closed positions, or vice versa. This category includes Ball Valves and Butterfly Valves, as mentioned above, due to their quarter-turn operation.

    Advantages:

    • Speed and ease of operation.
    • Effective shut-off capabilities, making them ideal for both isolating and control applications.
    • Versatility in handling a wide range of media, pressures, and temperatures.

    Typical Uses:
    Extensively used across various sectors, including oil and gas for pipeline flow control, in manufacturing processes, and in HVAC systems for controlling water flow and temperature.

    In summary, the choice between linear motion, rotary motion, and quarter-turn valves depends on specific application requirements such as the need for precise flow control, space constraints, and operational efficiency. Linear motion valves excel in providing precise control and tight shut-off, rotary motion valves offer compact and quick solutions, and quarter-turn valves bring the best of rotary action in terms of speed and simplicity, making them versatile for a wide array of applications.

  • Oil & Gas Valve Types Linear motion valves Rotary  motion valves Quarter turn valves
    Gate valve X
    Globe valve X
    Check valve X
    Lift check valve X
    Tilting-disc check valve X
    Stop check valve X X
    Ball valve X X
    Pinch valve X
    Butterfly valve X X
    Plug valve X X
    Diaphragm valve X
    Safety Valve / Pressure Relief Valve X
  • VALVES BY BODY MATERIAL (CAST, FORGED)

    The distinction between cast and forged valves lies in their manufacturing processes, which fundamentally affect their physical characteristics, performance, and applications.

    As a general rule, cast bodies are used for valves above 2 inches in bore size, whereas forged bodies are used for valves below 2 inches (or preferred to cast valves, regardless of the pipeline bore size, in mission-critical applications). 

    Both types of valves play critical roles in controlling the flow of liquids and gases in various industries, including oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment.

    Understanding the differences between cast and forged valves is essential for selecting the right valve for a specific application, ensuring optimal performance, durability, and safety.

    Cast Valves

    Manufacturing Process

    Cast valves are made by pouring molten metal into pre-shaped molds where it solidifies into the desired valve shape. The casting process can be done through various methods, including sand casting, investment casting, and die casting, each with its own set of characteristics regarding surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and intricacies of design.

    Characteristics

    • Versatility in Design: Casting allows for complex shapes and sizes, making it possible to produce valves with intricate internal geometries that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through forging.
    • Material Variety: A wide range of materials can be cast, including various types of steel, iron, and non-ferrous alloys, offering flexibility in material selection based on the application requirements.
    • Cost-Effectiveness for Complex Shapes: For complex shapes and larger sizes, casting can be more cost-effective than forging, especially for low to medium-volume production.

    Limitations

    • Potential for Defects: The casting process can introduce internal defects such as porosity, shrinkage cavities, and inclusions, which can affect the mechanical properties and integrity of the valve.
    • Variability in Quality: Cast valves can exhibit variability in quality and material properties across different batches due to the nature of the casting process.
    Forged Valves

    Manufacturing Process:
    Forged valves are created through the process of forging, where a piece of metal is heated and then deformed and shaped into the desired form using high pressure. Forging can be performed using various techniques, including open-die forging, closed-die forging, and ring rolling, depending on the desired final shape and characteristics.

    Characteristics

    • Strength and Durability: Forging produces valves with superior strength, ductility, and resistance to impact and fatigue compared to casting. The forging process aligns the grain structure of the metal with the shape of the valve, enhancing its mechanical properties.
    • Consistency in Quality: Forged valves generally offer more uniformity and consistency in material properties, with fewer internal defects than cast valves.
    • High Performance in Critical Applications: Due to their strength and reliability, forged valves are preferred in high-pressure, high-temperature, and other critical applications where safety and performance are paramount.

    Limitations

    • Design Limitations: Forging cannot achieve the same level of complexity and intricate internal features that casting can, especially for large or very complex valve designs.
    • Cost Considerations: For high-volume production of simple shapes, forging can be cost-effective. However, for complex shapes or lower volumes, the cost may be higher than casting, particularly for large-sized valves.

    In summary, the choice between cast and forged valves depends on the specific requirements of the application, including mechanical strength, pressure and temperature conditions, desired material properties, design complexity, and cost considerations. Forged valves are typically favored in high-stress, high-performance applications due to their superior strength and reliability, while cast valves offer greater design flexibility and cost-effectiveness for complex shapes and large sizes.

  • To learn more about the difference between steel casting and forging please refer to the linked article.

    VALVES BY TYPE OF ACTUATION (MANUAL, ACTUATED)

    Valves can also be categorized based on their method of operation into manually operated valves and actuated valves. Understanding the differences between these two types is crucial for selecting the appropriate valve for a specific application, considering factors like ease of operation, control precision, and the necessity for automation.

    Manually Operated Valves

    Characteristics

    • Operation: Manually operated valves require physical effort by an operator to change their position, using handwheels, levers, or gears. The manual input directly controls the opening, closing, or throttling of the valve.
    • Design Simplicity: These valves are simpler in design as they do not require additional equipment for operation, making them straightforward to install and maintain.
    • Cost-effectiveness: Without the need for external power sources or automation equipment, manually operated valves are generally more cost-effective than their actuated counterparts.
    • Reliability: With fewer components that could fail, manually operated valves are highly reliable and suitable for applications where valve adjustments are infrequent or where direct manual control is preferred.

    Limitations

    • Labor Intensive: For systems requiring frequent adjustments or in situations where valves are not easily accessible, manual operation can be labor-intensive and time-consuming.
    • Lack of Remote Control: Manual valves cannot be operated remotely, limiting their use in large, complex systems or in hazardous environments where remote operation is necessary for safety.
    Actuated Valves

    Characteristics

    • Operation: Actuated valves are equipped with an actuator that allows valve operation (open, close, or modulate) through electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic power. Actuators can be controlled remotely, allowing for automation and integration into control systems.
    • Automation and Precision: With the ability to be controlled by various signals (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic), actuated valves offer precise control over flow and pressure, enabling more efficient operation of the system.
    • Flexibility and Safety: Remote operation capabilities allow actuated valves to be used in inaccessible, hazardous, or harsh environments, improving safety and operational flexibility.
    • Adaptability: They can be integrated into automated control loops, responding to sensor inputs to adjust flow conditions automatically, which is essential for optimizing processes and ensuring safety in dynamic conditions.

    Limitations

    • Complexity and Cost: Actuated valves require additional components (actuators, power sources, control systems) making them more complex and expensive to install and maintain compared to manually operated valves.
    • Power Requirement: Dependence on an external power source (electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic) for operation can be a limitation in environments where such resources are limited or unavailable.

    In summary, the choice between manually operated and actuated valves depends on several factors, including the need for automation, the operational environment, safety considerations, and cost. Manually operated valves are suitable for simpler, cost-sensitive applications where direct control and infrequent adjustments are sufficient. In contrast, actuated valves are ideal for complex systems requiring precise, remote, or automated control to enhance efficiency, safety, and operational flexibility.

    VALVE BY DESIGN

    Regarding their design, valves can be categorized in the following manner (it’s worth noting that our site features detailed articles on each type, so the descriptions provided here are intended to be broadly overviewed):

    GATE VALVE

    Gate valves are the most used type in piping and pipeline applications. Gate valves are linear motion devices used to open and close the flow of the fluid (shutoff valve). Gate valves cannot be used for throttling applications, i.e. to regulate the flow of the fluid (globe or ball valves should be used in this case). A gate valve is, therefore, either fully opened or closed (by manual wheels, gears, or electric, pneumatic and hydraulic actuators)

    GLOBE VALVE

    Globe valves are used to throttle (regulate) the fluid flow. Globe valves can also shut off the flow, but for this function, gate valves are preferred. A globe valve creates a pressure drop in the pipeline, as the fluid has to pass through a non-linear passageway.

    CHECK VALVE

    Check valves are used to avoid backflow in the piping system or the pipeline that could damage downstream apparatus such as pumps, compressors, etc. When the fluid has enough pressure, it opens the valve; when it comes back (reverse flow) at a design pressure, it closes the valve – preventing unwanted flows.

    BALL VALVE

    A Ball valve is a quarter-turn valve used for shut-off application. The valve opens and closes the flow of the fluid via a built-in ball, that rotates inside the valve body. Ball valves are industry standard for on-off applications and are lighter and more compact than gate valves, which serve similar purposes. The two main designs are floating and trunnion (side or top entry)

    BUTTERFLY VALVE

    Butterfly valves are versatile, cost-effective, valves to modulate or open/close the flow of the fluid. Butterfly valves are available in concentric or eccentric designs (double/triple), have a compact shape, and are becoming more and more competitive vs. ball valves, due to their simpler construction and cost.

    PINCH VALVE

    This is a type of linear motion valve that can be used for throttling and shut-off applications in piping applications that handle solid materials, slurries, and dense fluids.  A pinch valve features a pinch tube to regulate the flow.

    PLUG VALVE

    Plug valves are classified as quarter-turn valves for shut-off applications. The first plug valves were introduced by the Romans to control water pipelines.

    SAFETY VALVE

    A safety valve is used to protect a piping arrangement from dangerous overpressures that may threaten human life or other assets. Essentially, a safety valve releases the pressure as a set value is exceeded.

    CONTROL VALVE

    Control valves are automated devices that are used to control and regulate the flow in complex systems and plants. More details about this type of valves are given below.

    Y-STRAINERS

    while not properly a valve, Y-strainers have the important function of filtering debris and protecting downstream equipment that may be otherwise damaged

    VALVE SIZES (ASME B16.10)

    To make sure that valves of different manufacturers are interchangeable, the face-to-face dimensions (i.e. the distance in mm or inches between the inlet and the outlet of the valve) of the key types of valves have been standardized by the ASME B16.10 specification.

    ASME B16.34: VALVE COMPLIANCE

    The ASME B16.34 standard, issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), is a pivotal guideline that specifies the requirements for the design, material selection, manufacturing, inspection, testing, and marking of flanged, threaded, and welding end steel valves for application in pressure systems.

    ASME B16.34 is also mentioned in the more general ASME spec ASME B31.1, “Power Piping Design”.

    This standard is critical for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of valves used in various industrial sectors, including oil and gas, chemical, power generation, and water treatment, among others.

    Understanding the ASME B16.34 standard is essential for engineers, manufacturers, and end-users involved in the selection and application of valves.

    Key Aspects Of ASME B16.34

    1. Valve Design and Construction:
      ASME B16.34 sets forth the criteria for the design of valves, including dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and other factors essential for ensuring that valves can operate safely under specified conditions. It covers a range of valve types, such as gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly valves.
    2. Pressure-Temperature Ratings:
      One of the most critical aspects covered by ASME B16.34 is the pressure-temperature rating of valves, which defines the maximum allowable working pressure for a valve at a given temperature. These ratings ensure that valves are selected and used within their safe operating limits.
    3. Material Specifications:
      The standard provides detailed specifications for the materials used in valve construction, including requirements for body, bonnet, trim, and gasket materials. These specifications ensure compatibility with the fluid being handled and the operating environment, contributing to the valve’s integrity and longevity.
    4. Testing and Inspection:
      ASME B16.34 outlines the requirements for testing and inspecting valves to verify their integrity and performance. This includes tests for shell strength, seat tightness, and backseat effectiveness, among others, which are crucial for ensuring that valves meet stringent safety and reliability standards.
    5. Marking and Documentation:
      The standard specifies the marking requirements for valves, which include the manufacturer’s identification, pressure-temperature rating, material designation, and other relevant information. These markings provide essential information for the identification, traceability, and selection of valves.

    Importance Of ASME B16.34 In Valve Selection

    Adherence to the ASME B16.34 standard is crucial for ensuring that valves perform safely and effectively in their intended applications. Engineers and procurement specialists rely on this standard to select valves that meet the necessary performance criteria, including compatibility with the process medium, operating pressures and temperatures, and durability requirements.

    Compliance with ASME B16.34 is also often a regulatory requirement in many industries, making it a key consideration in the procurement and installation of valves in critical applications.

    Valve Compliance To ASME B16.34

    A valve complies with ASME B16.34 when the following conditions are met:

    • The valve body & shell materials comply with ASME and ASTM material standards for chemistry and strength
    • Body & shell materials are heat-treated to ensure proper grain structure, corrosion resistance, and hardness.
    • Wall thicknesses of the body and other pressure-containing components meet ASME B16.34 specified minimum values for each pressure class.
    • NPT and SW end connections comply with ASME B1.20.1 or ASME B16.11.
    • Stems are internally loaded and blowout-proof.
    • All bolting will be ASTM grade with maximum applied stress controlled by B16.34.
    • Each valve is shell tested at 1,5x rated pressure for a specific test time duration.
    • Each valve is tested for seat leakage in both directions for a specific test time duration.
    • Each valve is permanently tagged with materials of construction, operating limits, and the name of the manufacturer.

    In conclusion, ASME B16.34 plays a fundamental role in the design, selection, and application of valves in pressure systems. It provides a comprehensive framework for ensuring that valves are safe, reliable, and suitable for their intended use, supporting the operational integrity of industrial processes across various sectors.

  • HOW TO ORDER A VALVE

    Manufacturers of valves used in the oil and gas industry need to know the following information to supply the right device:

    • Valve type
    • Bore size in NPS or DN
    • Valve pressure rating (class range from 150# to 4500#)
    • Specification (example API 6D, API 600, API 602, etc)
    • Body and trim materials (at least)
    • Required end connection (flanged, threaded, butt weld, lug and others)
    • Fluid in the pipeline (>oil, gas, water, steam, solids)
    • Working temperature and pressure
    • Quantity
    • Delivery time
    • Origin restrictions (Chinese and Indian origins allowed or not)

    EXAMPLE HOW TO ORDER OIL & GAS GATE, GLOBE, CHECK VALVES

    Each manufacturer has own valves ordering sheets that map the valve configuration parameters that user has to consider:

    GS – F – 6″ / 150 – 316 – B

      1    2        3           4      5

    1. Valve type 2. End type 3. Size / Class 4. Body Material 5. Options
    C: Check Valve
    CL: Lift Check Valve
    CS: Check pressure Sealed Valve
    CW: Swing Check Valve
    G: Gate Valve
    GG: Forged Gate Valve
    GL: Light Type Gate Valve (API 603)
    GS: Gate Pressure Sealed Valve
    O: Globe Valve
    OB: Globe Bellowed Sealed Valve
    OS: Globe Pressure Sealed Valve
    Y: Y-strainer
    F: Flanged End
    T: Threaded End
    W: Butt Weld End
    S: Socket Weld End
    Size: NPS 1/2 – 80″

    ANSI Standard:
    150: 150 LB Class
    300: 300 LB Class
    600: 600 LB Class
    1500: 1500 LB Class

    DIN Standard:

    PN16
    PN25
    PN40

    JIS Standard:

    10K: JIS 10K
    20K: JIS 20K

    GG: Forged Gate Valve
    316: Casting S.S CF8M
    304: Casting S.S CF8
    F316: Forgings S.S F316
    F304: Forgings S.S F304
    WCB: Steel WCB
    LCB: Steel LCB
    HB: Hastelloy B
    IN: Inconel
    B: By-Pass
    G: Gear Operator
    D: Drains
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ASTM Materials for Valves: ASTM A216, A351, A352, A105, and A182 (Cast & Forged Grades)

Discover the essential AsTM material standards for valves., Valves larger than 2 inches typically have cast valve bodies, created by casting molten metals into molds, Forged valve bodies, suitable for smaller or high-pressure valves, are made by shaping and machining solid steel. The principal material specifications for cast steel valve bodies include ASTM A216 (WCA, WCB, WCC forstandard conditions, ASTM A352 LCB/LCC for low temperatures, and ASTM A351 CF8/CF8M for stainless steel valves. For forged valve bodies, the relevant ASTM standards are A105, A350, and A182.

CAST STEEL VALVES(ASTM GRADES)

DEFINITION OF CAST VALVE

Cast valves are valves whose bodies have been formed by pouring molten metal into a mold where it solidifies into the desired shape. This casting process allows for the creation of complex shapes and sizes, making it possible to produce valve bodies with intricate internal geometries that would be challenging or impossible to achieve through forging or machining alone. Cast valves are widely used across various industries due to their versatility in design, the ability to work with a wide range of materials, and their cost-effectiveness for producing large or complex valves, They are suitable for numerous applications, handling everything from water and steam to chemicals and gas, depending on the material used in the casting process Therefore, cast valves are characterized by a body made through casting, whereas forged valves possess a body created by forging. Essentially, the difference between cast and forged valves lies in the method used to construct the valve body material.specifically whether it involves steel forging or casting.
Let’s now delve into the most common cast valve body materials according to ASTM

ASTM A216 WCA, WCB, WCC (CARBON STEEL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE)

ASTM A216 is a specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (AsTM) that covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service. The standard is divided into three grades: WCA, WCB, and WCC, with WCB being the most commonly used grade.
These 3 grades covered by the AsTM A216 specification differ mainly in their mechanical properties and temperature capabilities:

 

WCA is the grade with the lowest strength and temperature tolerance.
WCB is the intermediate grade, offering a good balance of strength and ductility across a wide range of temperatures.
WCC has higher strength and impact properties at low temperatures compared to WCB.
ASTM A216 specifies the chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, and testing requirements to ensure the material’s quality and durability under high-temperature condition This standard is commonly applied in the manufacturing of components for industrial boilers, pressure vessels, and other equipment where robust performance at elevated temperatures is required.
The ASTM A216 specification applies to cast valves that match carbon steel pipes in grades A53, A106, and API 5L.
ASTM A216 steel castings shall be heat treated and can be manufactured in annealed, normalized, or normalized tempered conditions.The surface of steel castings shall be free of adhering elements such as sand, cracks, hot tears, and other defects.

Notes:
1., for each reduction of 0.019% below the specified maximum Carbon content, an increase of 0.04% of manganese above the specified maximum is allowed up to a maximum of 1.10%.
2. For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum Carbon content, an increase of 0.0496 Mn above the specified maximum is allowed up to a maximum of 1.28%.
3. For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum Carbon content, an increase of 0.04% of manganese above the specified maximum is allowed to a maximum of 1.40%.

ASTM A352 LCB/LCC (CARBON STEEL FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE)
ASTM A352 is an ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials standard specification that covers steel castings for valves,flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for low-temperature service. The standard includes several grades of carbon and alloy steel castings that vary in their mechanical properties and chemical compositions to suit different environmental conditions and temperature ranges.
The grades under ASTM A352 are designed to perform reliably in environments where temperatures may fall below freezing, making them suitable for applications in cold climates or in processes requiring cryogenic temperatures.

 

Key grades within this specification include:
LCB: A grade of carbon steel castings suitable for low-temperature applications where temperatures can go as low as-46°C (-50°F).
LCC: Similar to LcB but with improved impact strength at lower temperatures, making it suitable for even more demanding
low-temperature environments.
LCl, LC2, LC3, LC4: These are alloy steel grades within AsTM A352, each designed for specific low-temperature ranges and applications, with Lc3, for example, being nickel steel castings intended for service down to -01’C -150°F).

Each grade specified in ASTM A352 has defined requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation), and toughness to ensure the castings perform adequately under the specified service conditions, The standard also outlines requirements for heat treatment, quality, and test methods to verify the properties of the castings.
ASTM A352 is widely used in the oil and gas industry, petrochemical plants, and other applications where materials are exposed to low temperatures and require a high level of toughness to prevent brittle fracture.
The ASTM A352 specification applies to cast valves that match carbon steel pipes for low-temperature applications in grades A333.
Chemical composition of A352 cast valves Gr, LCA/LCB/Lcc (valve material chart)

valve material chart

ASTM A351 CF8/CF8M (STAINLESS STEEL FOR HIGH-TEMP. & CORROSIVE SERVICE)

ASTM A351 is a standard specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers castings of austenitic steel for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts. This specification is particularly focused on stainless steel castings that are intended for high-temperature service. The ASTM A351 standard includes several grades, each with specific chemical compositions and mechanical properties to suit different environments and applications.

Key grades under ASTM A351 include:

  • CF8: Equivalent to 304 stainless steel, this grade is known for its good corrosion resistance and is widely used in general applications.
  • CF8M: Equivalent to 316 stainless steel, CF8M offers enhanced corrosion resistance due to its molybdenum content, making it suitable for more corrosive environments such as those encountered in chemical processing.
  • CF3 and CF3M: These are the low-carbon versions of CF8 and CF8M, respectively, offering similar corrosion resistance but with improved weldability and reduced susceptibility to intergranular corrosion after welding or heating.

The standard specifies requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, and testing procedures to ensure the quality and performance of the castings. ASTM A351 stainless steel castings are commonly used in applications requiring good corrosion resistance at both ambient and elevated temperatures, including the chemical industry, food processing, and petrochemical operations, among others.

Any ASTM A351 cast part shall receive heat treatment followed by a quench in water or rapid cooling. The steel shall conform to the chemical and mechanical requirements set by the specification. The steel shall be made by the electric furnace process with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen decarburization.

The ASTM A351 specification applies to cast valves that match stainless steel pipes for high-temperature and corrosive applications applications in ASTM A312.

 

ASTM A351 stainless steel valves, chemical composition

 

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Valve Material ASTM, DIN, JIS Convertion Chart

Valve Material ASTM, DIN, JIS Convertion Chart

Valve Material ASTM, DIN, JIS Convertion Chart

The following material is commonly used for valves.

ASTM DIN EN10213 DIN EN No. UNS JIS Trademark
A216 WCB GP240GH 1.0619 J03002 SCPH2  
A352 LCB G20Mn5 1.0622 J03003 SCPL1  
A352 LC3 G9Ni14 1.5638 J31550 SCPL31  
A217 WC1 G20Mo5 1.5419 J12524 SCPH11  
A217 C5 GX15CrMo5 1.7365 (1.7363) J42045 SCPH61  
A217 C12 GX12CrMo10-1 1.7389 J82090    
A351 CF3 X2CrNi19-11 1.4306 J92500 SCS19  
A351 CF3M X2CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4404 J92800 SCS16  
A351 CF8 GX5CrNiMo19-10 1.4308 J92600 SCS13  
A351 CF8C GX5CrNiNb19-11 1.4552 J92710    
A351 CF8M GX5CrNiMo19-11-12 1.4408 J92900 SCS14  
A351 CF8MC GX5CrNiMoNb19-11-2 1.4581      
A351 CG8M          
  GX2CrNiMoN22-5-3 1.447      
           
A351 CK3MCuN          
A351 CN7M     N08007 SCS23  
A494 N-12MV     N10001   HASTELLOY B
A494 CW-12MW     N10002   HASTELLOY C
A494 M35-1     N04400   MONEL 400
A494 CW-6MC     N06625   INCONEL 625
      N08825   INCOLOY 825
      S31803   SAF 2205
      S31254   254 SMO
      S32550   FERRALIUM 255
Material Comparison
Casting Forging
ASTM EN 10213 EN No. ASTM EN 10213 EN No.
A216 WCB GP240GH (GS-C 25N) 1.0619 A105 C22.8 1.046
A352 LCB G20Mn5 1.622 A352 LF2   1.0437
A352 LC3 G9Ni14 1.5638 A352 LF3   1.5637
A217 WC1 G20Mo5 1.5419 A182 F1   1.5415
A217 WC6 G17CrMo5-5 1.7357 A182 F11 14CrMo405 1.7335
A217 WC9 GS12CrMo9-10 1.738 A182 F22   1.738
A217 C5 GX15CrMo5 1.7365 A182 F5   1.7362
-1.7363
A217 CA15     A182 F6 X20Cr13 1.4021
A217 C12 GX12CrMo10-1 1.7389 A182 F9 15CrMo12.1 1.492
A351 CF3 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4406 A182 F304L X2CrNi19-11 1.4306
A351 CF3M X2CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4404 A182 F316L X2cRNImO17-12-2 1.4404
A351 CF8 GX5CrNiMo19-10 1.4308 A182 F304 X5CrNi18-10 1.4301
A351 CF8C GX5CrNiNb 19-11 1.4552 A182 F321 X6CrNiTi18-10 1.4541
A351 CF8C GX5CrNiNb 19-11 1.4552 A182 F347 X6CrNiNb18-10 1.455
A351 CF8M GX5CrNiMo19-11-2 1.4408 A182 F316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4401
A351 CF8MC GX5CrNiMoNb19-11-2 1.4581 A182 F348 X6CrNiMoNb17-12-2 1.458
A351 CG8M GX2CrNiMoN22-5-3 1.447 A182 F317    
A351 CK3MCuN     A182 F44    
A351 CN7M     A182 F20  

 

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What is the difference between a foot valve and a check valve?

In short, a foot valve and a check valve are very similar in that they automatically open or close depending on system pressure, allowing flow in only one direction and preventing backflow. Figure 1 shows a check valve on the right and a foot valve on the left, with the main visual difference being that the foot valve has a strainer on it. Given the similarities between the two valves, there are important differences. Foot and check valves have different installation locations in a system, different material requirements, and different designs. This article will focus on these key differences. Read our comprehensive articles about check valves and foot valves to learn more about each type of valve.

Operation principle

Understanding how check and foot valves work is helpful before discussing their differences. Both valve types open when the inlet pressure is above the valve’s cracking pressure. The cracking pressure is the minimum amount of pressure required to open the valve and overcome the force keeping the valve closed (spring or gravity). When the inlet pressure reduces below this limit, or there is backpressure, the valve closes shut.

Differences between check valves and foot valves

Design

Foot and check valves have a variety of design types, for example, ball check valves and ball foot valves. This section, though, focuses on the design differences that exist between all check and foot valves.

  • Screen: The first visual difference is the screen attached to the foot valve’s inlet end, which is often called a strainer or filter. Foot valves typically sit submerged in water in a well. The screen prevents larger debris from entering the foot valve and sticking the valve’s disc open and damaging other components within the system. A check valve does not have this protection and therefore is not applicable for media that has large solids in the flow.
  • Threading: A check valve has threading on both sides. So, a check valve fits into any part of the piping deemed appropriate. Removing a section of the pipe and installing a check valve is a straightforward process. Foot valves, however, have threading only on one side. Therefore, foot valves are only suitable for the end of a pipe, which is the end of a pump’s suction line.

Material

The key material difference between foot and check valves is that foot valves are in water for the duration of their use. Therefore, whichever material selected must be corrosion resistant. Materials often chosen are PVC, heavy-duty cast iron, bronze, and stainless steel.

Check valves have a wider range of material options because they operate in a wider range of environments. When selecting a check valve material, first understand the system’s pressure, temperature, and operating environment. Read our chemical resistance guide to learn more.

Installation

Because foot valves work on pump systems, this section will only cover the installation locations of check and foot valves on these systems. Both valves stop media from flowing back into the well when the pump turns off, thus keeping the pump primed.

A jet pump uses a foot valve at the very end of its suction line. In contrast, a submersible pump has a foot valve directly installed on its inlet. Both pump systems can use check valves in the same locations. However, this is not suitable for any wells that may contain solids large enough to get stuck in the valve and hinder its operation.

Deep well systems use one or more extra check valves along the suction line to protect the submersible pump and foot valve from the water column’s pressure. Shallow well systems may have a check valve on the suction line. Also, check valves can install directly at the jet pump’s inlet or between the jet pump and pressure tank. Beyond stopping backflow into the well, check valves are applicable anywhere where backflow may damage an upstream component or contaminate upstream media.

Foot valve and check valve P&ID symbols

Figure 2 depicts a check valve symbol (left) and a foot valve symbol (right).

Check valve symbol (left) and foot valve symbol (right).Figure 2: Check valve symbol (left) and foot valve symbol (right).

Summary

Table 1: Comparison between foot valve and check valve

Foot valve Check valve
Design A foot valve has a strainer on the inlet side. A check valve does not have a strainer.
Material Foot valves have a limited selection of materials: stainless steel, heavy-duty cast iron, PVC, and bronze. Check valves have more material options because they do not rest in water.
Application Foot valves are used for suction lift applications, like a well pump. Check valves are applicable for pump systems and any system that requires backflow prevention.
Installation Foot valves only go at the end of a pump’s suction line. Check valves can go at the end of a suction line, in the middle of the suction line, and anywhere else in the system where necessary.
Threading Foot valves have threading on the outlet side only. Check valves have threading on both sides.

FAQs

What is the difference between a foot valve and a check valve?

A foot valve has a screen on its inlet side to prevent large solids from entering the valve. Also, it fits at the end of a suction line in a pump system. A check valve is suitable for any system, including pump systems, that require media to flow in only one direction.

Can a check valve be used in place of a foot valve?

Yes, a check valve can be used in place of a foot valve. However, check valves do not have a protective screen and any large solids in the media can stick them in the open position.

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How to Select the material for Gate Valve

Selecting the right gate valve material is crucial in the gate valve selection process. Various materials are used for the gate valve’s body and seal. The material selection depends primarily on the media type and design temperature. This article discusses the common materials used in gate valves and how to find the right one for each application.

Gate valve material selection

Gate valves are used in a wide range of applications, and they come in contact with diverse media. It is critical to consider the material used for valve construction to prevent premature valve failure and system delays during valve operation. Consider the following criteria to select the proper materials for a gate valve:

  1. Media composition (whether clear or filled with particles)
  2. Material compatibility with the media used
  3. How long the valve gets exposed to the media
  4. Operating pressure
  5. Service temperatures
  6. Effectiveness of coating on materials
  7. Material availability and cost

Gate valves are available in various materials, as discussed in the next section. Various organizations are committed to developing and maintaining standards for valves and materials in specific environments. For example, gate valves are specified by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Association For Corrosion Engineers (NACE) for their suitability to work with heavy corrosive media.

Gate valve body materials

The various materials used to construct gate valve body are discussed below.

PVC gate valve

PVC gate valve gate-valve-pvc.jpegFigure 2: PVC gate valve

In a PVC gate valve, the valve’s three main components, namely, the handle, housing, and gate, are made of PVC.

PVC gate valve features

  • PVC gate valves are not damaged by freezing temperatures, and these valves can also withstand temperatures up to 60°C.
  • Resistant to corrosion, making these valves ideal for chemical processing applications involving highly corrosive substances.
  • PVC valves are affordable compared to metal valves.
  • Excellent durability offering many years of reliable use.
  • Available in a wide range of sizes.

PVC gate valve applications

PVC gate valves are a good low-cost solution for most flow control needs at home. These valves are durable and corrosion-resistant, hence widely used in aquatic environments. A few common applications are:

  • Aquatics and aquaculture
  • Landscaping and irrigation
  • Tank drain valves and septic systems
  • Indoor plumbing
  • Spas

Brass gate valve

In applications where PVC gate valves would burst, it is a viable option to use gate valves made of metals or their alloys.

Brass gate valve features

  • Brass gate valves work on 0-16 bar pressure range with media temperatures from -20°C to 120°C. Hence, they can withstand higher temperatures and pressure than PVC gate valves.
  • Brass is stronger than PVC, but stainless steel is the strongest.
  • Brass gate valves are costly compared to PVC gate valves, but less costly than stainless steel gate valves.

Brass gate valve applications

Brass can withstand more heat than PVC, making them an ideal choice for residential plumbing applications. Brass is extremely corrosion resistant, and the gate valves made of brass are ideal for manufacturing industries involving natural gas or potable water.

Stainless steel gate valve

Stainless steel gate valveFigure 3: Stainless steel gate valve

Stainless steel gate valve features

  • Stainless steel is the most durable, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant material when compared to brass and PVC.
  • Withstands very high temperature (up to 800°C) and pressure. Stainless steel can withstand a wide range of temperatures (low to high) and pressure compared to brass and PVC.
  • Used to manufacture gate valve body and internal parts
  • Stainless steel gate valves have a simple body design enabling ease of repair, cleaning, and maintenance
  • Used in applications involving liquid, gas, and steam
  • Expensive compared to PVC, brass, and bronze gate valves
  • Needs a large area for installation compared to brass or PVC

Stainless steel gate valve applications

Stainless steel is extremely durable and corrosion-resistant, hence used in marine and industrial applications. Some common applications are:

  • Industrial applications like transporting natural gas and crude oil
  • Slurry applications
  • Drinking water applications at home as the material doesn’t leach into the water

Bronze gate valve

Bronze gate valveFigure 4: Bronze gate valve

Bronze gate valve features

  • Excellent machinability, strength, and corrosion resistance
  • Used to manufacture relatively small gate valves in low-pressure applications
  • Bronze gate valves are typically used for water pipes and equipment pipelines of about 300 psi (20 bar) or less, and temperatures in the range -20° C -150° C.
  • Higher cost compared to PVC, but less than brass and stainless steel
  • Bronze has higher corrosion resistance than cast iron, but less than PVC or brass.
  • Costlier than PVC but the cost is lower than brass or stainless steel.

Bronze gate valve applications

Bronze has high lead content; hence the material is not used frequently for drinking water applications. Bronze is commonly used for fluid control in low-pressure manufacturing industries and works well with steam, air, and gas. The material is also used in HVAC and marine applications.

Cast iron gate valve

Cast iron gate valveFigure 5: Cast iron gate valve

Cast iron gate valve features

  • Cast iron has strength lying in between bronze and stainless steel
  • Used to manufacture gate valve body
  • Very low tensile strength and elongation properties, but good casting qualities
  • Cast iron gets corroded over time.
  • Less costly compared to all other valve materials.

Cast iron gate valve applications

Cast iron is used for constructing gate valves in low-pressure and low-temperature applications. The material is a popular choice for gate valves in water, wastewater, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) units. Cast iron gate valves are extremely cheap, yet sturdy; hence these valves are more suitable for underground applications than steel valves.

Cast steel gate valve

Cast steel gate valve feature

  • Casted carbon steel is a tough material, and the material is hard with excellent tensile strength and impact value.

Cast steel gate valve application

  • Gate valves made of cast steel are commonly used in industrial plants for high temperature and pressure applications.
Cast steel gate valves used in industrial plantsFigure 5: Cast steel gate valves used in industrial plants

Gate valve seal materials

Gate valve seats are available in two forms:

  • Integrated-type: The gate valve seal is made of the same material as the valve body and it is integrated into the valve body.
  • Ring type: In this type, the gate valve seal is in the form of a ring that can be either pressed in or threaded which favors more variation. The seat can be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to aid high-integrity shutoff. The ring-type seal is again classified into resilient-seated and metal-seated gate valves:
    • Resilient seated gate valves: The gate is mostly composed of ductile iron and enclosed in a resilient elastomer material like ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) forming a tight seal. These valves are preferred in water distribution systems because of the tight shut-off.
    • Metal-seated gate valves: Ductile iron is commonly used as the gate material, and rings are made of bronze to ensure a watertight seal.
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What is the difference between standard port and full port ball valves?

A ball valve is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluids through piping systems. Depending on the intended application, ball valves have a variety of designs. Based on the port size, a ball valve can be classified as either a full port, standard port, or reduced bore ball valve. This article compares the various advantages and disadvantages of each ball valve type. Read our ball valve overview article for more details on the working and design of ball valves.

Ball valves based on port size

Full port ball valve

A full port or full bore ball valve is a type of ball valve where the inlet and outlet pipes have the same diameter as the bore in the valve. In simple terms, the valve port is the same size as the pipe resulting in a full flow ball valve. For a full port ball valve, there is little or no resistance to the flow of fluids, and the flow path is straight.

Standard port ball valve

In a standard port ball valve, the size of the bore in the ball is smaller than the size of the inlet and outlet pipes. The diameter of the flow path through the ball valve is narrower on the interior. The standard port ball valve creates resistance to flow, increasing its fluid pressure. The flow path is usually straight.

Reduced port ball valve

In reduced bore ball valves, the port in the ball valve is one pipe size narrower than the inlet and outlet pipes. In other words, the diameter of the bore is one specification smaller than the pipes’ diameter specification. The fluid flowing through a reduced port valve has a higher velocity.

Full port (left) and reduced port (right) ball valvesFigure 2: Full port (left) and reduced port (right) ball valves

Comparison between full port, standard port, and reduced port ball valves

As the features of reduced port and standard port ball valves are identical in all aspects both valve types are grouped into one throughout the comparison process as seen below.

Port size

  • Reduced/standard port ball valves: The valve port is smaller than the pipe diameter.
  • Full port ball valves: The size of the valve port is the same as that of the pipe diameter.

Media

Media is the fluid flowing through the pipes and the ball valve. The media can be solids, liquids, or gases.

  • Reduced/standard port ball valves: Reduced or standard port ball valves are helpful to convey plain fluids like gasses or water. These valves transport light media in general.
  • Full port ball valves: The full-bore ball valves are suitable forviscous fluids because it offers little or no flow resistance. Examples of viscous fluid include paraffin, glycerin, etc.

Pipeline and flow control

  • Reduced/standard port ball valvesReduced and standard port ball valves offer a flow resistance, thus producing a pressure drop. The flow path through the valve becomes narrower on the valve’s inside. Reduced or standard port ball valves are ideal for relaxed working conditions where pressure drop does not affect pipe performance. This is because these valves reduce the velocity of the medium and hence suitable for applications where flow resistance is acceptable.
  • Full port ball valves: A full port ball valve has a straight flow path and offers little or no resistance to the media flow. The flow path through a full port ball valve does not become narrower on the inside. Full-bore ball valves are the only option for piping systems under strict working conditions. Underground pipes, regardless of the medium, must only use full port ball valves. When it comes to pipeline control, full port valves are ideal.

Pigging applications

Pigging is the process of cleaning a gas pipeline where a device known as a pig travels through the pipeline. This process is not supported by certain valve types that do not allow the free travel of pig through the connected valve.

  • Reduced/standard port ball valves: Reduced port ball valves have different diameters for the bore and connecting pipe; hence the pigging device cannot travel freely through a reduced bore ball valve for cleaning purposes.
  • Full port ball valves: In an open state, the bore of a full-port ball valve is parallel to the inlet and outlet ports; hence, there is no visual difference between the valve and pipe bores. In this way, a pig can have an unrestricted flow through the valve, thereby cleaning the bore of the valve along with the entire pipeline.

Cost

  • Reduced/standard port ball valves: A reduced or standard port ball valve has a compact body and thus lower costs.
  • Full port ball valves: Purchasing a full port ball valve requires a larger initial investment than purchasing a reduced port ball valve. The full port is more expensive because many materials are used in its construction. Because of its effective performance, a full-port ball valve is cost-effective in the long run.

Fitting space

Fitting space is the amount of space the ball valve will occupy when installed.

  • Reduced/standard port ball valves: A reduced/standard port ball valve has a small volume and thus requires little space.
  • Full port ball valves: A full-port ball valve has a large volume necessitating more space.

Transportation

  • Reduced/standard port ball valves: The small volume and lightweight properties of a reduced port ball valve make it easy to transport.
  • Full port ball valves: The full-port ball valve is heavy and has a large volume. This makes its transportation difficult and costly.

Full port ball valve with a drain

A full port ball valve with a drain is essential for preventing fluid or condensation buildup inside the valve. Failure to drain the valve can damage the valve. Draining is done to replace contaminated and stale fluids within the valve. Draining relieves any pressure that has built up within the valve. To drain a ball valve, first, allow fluid to flow into the drain by opening the valve. Then, close the valve to prevent fluid from flowing through it. Finally, open the valve and allow the fluid to drain. Read our article on condensate drain valve for more information.

3-way full port ball valve

A 3-way full port ball valve has three ports. These valves are available with either an L or T-port design. The L and T designation refers to the internal bore design, determining the media’s flow direction. A 3-way ball valve with a T or L port allows for mixing, distribution, or diverting the flow direction for different applications. To open a 3-way, rotate the ball until the ports are aligned with the corresponding ports, allowing fluids to flow through. To close, rotate the ball back to the closed position. When the ports are closed, they are out of place and not aligned with one another.

Comparison chart

Table 1: Comparison between standard/reduced and full port ball valve port designs

Standard/reduced port ball valve Full port ball valve
Pipeline control Not ideal Ideal
Cost Low initial cost High initial most
Fitting space Less More
Transportation Easy Difficult
Pigging applications Not ideal Ideal

FAQs

What is the difference between standard port and full port ball valves?

In a full port ball valve, the ports of the valve have the same diameter as the connecting pipes. The valve port size is smaller than the pipe diameter in a standard port ball valve.

Why is the standard port more common than the other types of ball valves?

The design of a standard port ball valve is convenient for most applications. It is compact, relatively light, and less expensive.

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Which valve is better between globe valves and ball valves?

Globe valves and ball valves are both shut-off valves typically used in piping systems. However, it is usually not immediately obvious which valve is most suitable for an application. System design should be finished before valve selection in order to select the best valve for the job in terms of cost, installation space, flow control, and more. Keep reading to learn more about how a globe valve may be more suitable than a ball valve and vice versa.

Working principles

Globe valve working principle

A globe valve in the open position (left) and the closed position (right) with the valve stem (A), stem (B), plug (C), and body (D).Figure 2: A globe valve in the open position (left) and the closed position (right) with the valve stem (A), bonnet (B), plug (C), and body (D).

A globe valve is a multi-turn valve, meaning that the handwheel needs to be turned more than 360° to fully open or close the valve. The main components of a globe valve are the valve body, bonnet, handwheel, stem, and plug. Media flows into the valve body (Figure 2 labeled D) through an inlet and exits the valve body through an outlet. The bonnet (Figure 2 labeled B) protects the threaded components of the valve and attaches to the valve body. As the user turns the handwheel, it turns the threaded stem (Figure 2 labeled A), which raises or lowers the plug (Figure 2 labeled C). Raising the plug opens the orifice, thereby allowing media flow. Lowering the plug into the valve seat seals the orifice, preventing the flow. Raising the disc, on the other hand, increases the flow rate. The flow rate is maximum when the disc is raised to its maximum position. The fluid flow rate is controlled by moving the disc proportionally through the stem.

Ball valve working principle

Ball valve parts; Stem (A), o-rings (B), body (C), ball (D), and seat (E)Figure 3: Ball valve parts; Stem (A), o-rings (B), body (C), ball (D), and seat (E)

A ball valve is a quarter-turn valve, meaning that the handle only needs a 90° turn to fully open or close the valve. The main components of a ball valve are shown in Figure 3. The stem (Figure 3 labeled A) connects to the ball (Figure 3 labeled D). The ball sits on the ball valve seat (Figure 3 labeled E), creating the seal. O-ring stem seals (Figure 3 labeled B) are used to prevent leakage. All of these components are within the valve housing (Figure 3 labeled C). As seen in Figure 3, the ball has a bore running through it. Under normal operation, the bore is either aligned with the valve ports to allow flow, or perpendicular to the ports to block flow. Read our article on ball valves for more details on how they work.

Flow control

Globe and ball valves are both used to turn on or off the flow. Globe valves, though, can also function in a partially open or closed state to modulate the flow. This flow regulation is achievable due to the globe valve’s disc sitting parallel to the flow. The linear flow rate achieved by globe valves is higher than that achieved by ball valves, and reduces the effects of water hammer.

Head loss

Globe valves have significantly higher pressure loss (head loss) in the fully open position than ball valves. This is because the fluid has to change direction multiple times as it passes through a globe valve.

Valve design

Globe valve design

Globe valves are available in three basic configurations: T- or Z globe valve, Y-globe valve, and angle globe valve. Read our article on globe valves for more information on each type.

Ball valve design

The ball valve can be classified into different categories depending on its housing structure, ball design, and port size. Depending on the housing structure, we can have 1, 2, or 3-piece ball valves. Depending on the port size, ball valves are categorized as full port ball valves, standard port ball valves, or reduced port ball valves. And depending on the number of ports, ball valves are classified into 2-way and multiport valves.

Symbols

  • Figure 4 shows the symbols for various globe valve configurations.
Globe valve symbols: globe (A), hand operated (B), pneumatic (C), motor operated (D), hydraulic operated (E).Figure 4: Globe valve symbols: globe (A), hand operated (B), pneumatic (C), motor operated (D), hydraulic operated (E).

The symbols for a ball valve are shown in Figure 5. For more details on the symbols of various ball valve configurations, read our article on ball valve symbols.

Actuated ball valve symbols; manually operated ball valve (A), pneumatically actuated ball valve (diaphragm type) symbol (B), pneumatically actuated ball valve (rotary piston type) symbol (C), electrically actuated ball valve symbol, and a hydraulic actuator ball valve symbol (D).Figure 5: Actuated ball valve symbols; manually operated ball valve (A), pneumatically actuated ball valve (diaphragm type) symbol (B), pneumatically actuated ball valve (rotary piston type) symbol (C), electrically actuated ball valve symbol (D), and a hydraulic actuator ball valve symbol (E).

Applications

Globe valves are used to control fluid flow. Furthermore, globe valves are advantageous in applications requiring precise throttling. Ball valves, on the other hand, are commonly used for plumbing system shut-off and isolation. Industrial applications for globe valves include fuel oil systems and cooling water systems, while those of ball valves include chemical storage and natural gas industries.

Globe valve and ball valve similarities

Globe valves and ball valves share some similarities. Both valves are used in piping systems to control the flow of liquids and gasses. Both are shut-off valves designed to allow or block the fluid flow within a pipe. Globe valves and ball valves can be operated manually or automatically.

Pros and cons of ball valves and globe valves

  1. Operation: Ball valves are simple and easier to operate than globe valves.
  2. Throttling: Globe valves are suitable for throttling operations, whereas ball valves should be either fully shut or fully open.
  3. Handle: Ball valves are quarter-turn valves which means the ball valve handle must be turned by 90° to go from fully open to a fully closed state or vice versa. The handwheel of globe valves must be turned multiple times from entirely closed to fully opened.
  4. Cost: Due to their simple structure, ball valves are cheaper than globe valves.
  5. Space: Globe valves occupy more space compared to ball valves.
  6. Pressure rating: Ball valves can handle higher pressure than globe valves.
  7. Durability: Ball valves are longer-lasting than globe valves.
  8. Leakages: Globe valves are more prone to leakages than ball valves.
  9. Media flow resistance: A globe valve offers more resistance to media flow compared to ball valves.
  10. Head loss: Globe valves have a higher head loss than ball valves.

Globe valve and ball valve selection

The selection between a ball valve and a globe valve depends on the intended purpose. The main factors to consider during the selection process are discussed below:

  1. Flow rate: Ball valves are desirable in applications where a high flow rate is necessary due to their full-bore design.
  2. Pressure drops: Ball valves have lower pressure drops because flow moves straight through them.
  3. Maintenance: Ball valves are simple to maintain because the valve only needs a little lubrication to stay clean. Further maintenance is necessary upon debris buildup.
  4. Temperature: Ball valves function better under high-temperature conditions due to their durable construction.

FAQs

What are the typical applications of a globe valve?

Globe valves are used commonly to control water flow in irrigation systems, regulate airflow in AC systems, and control oil flow in pipelines.

What is the main difference between a ball valve and a globe valve?

The ball valve has a hollow ball that rotates inside the valve, whereas the globe valve has a disc that moves vertically through the valve stem.

Which valve is better between globe valves and ball valves?

This depends on the intended application. Globe valves are better for throttling applications, while ball valves offer better performance as shutoff valves.

View our online selection of globe and ball valves!