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Understand the Importance of the ASME B16.10 Specification

What is the face-to-face dimension of a flanged ball, globe, or gate valve? The ASME B16.10 chart answers this question, as it standardizes the distance between the inlet and the outlet of the most common flanged valves. The purpose of this ASME specification is to ensure the interchangeability of valves produced by different manufacturers.

WHAT IS VALVE FACE-TO-FACE DIMENSION?

The valve face-to-face dimension refers to the distance between the two end faces of a valve, which are the points where the valve connects to the piping system.

This measurement is crucial for ensuring that the valve fits properly within a given piping layout and for facilitating valve replacement or system upgrades. Manufacturers and industry standards, such as those provided by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Petroleum Institute (API), and the Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS), specify face-to-face dimensions for different types of valves (e.g., gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly valves) and service conditions. Standardizing these dimensions helps in maintaining uniformity across valves produced by different manufacturers, allowing for easier interchangeability and system maintenance.

THE ASME B16.10 SPECIFICATION

ASME B16.10 is a widely recognized standard issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) that specifies the face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of flanged and butt-welded end steel valves. This standard is critical for ensuring the compatibility and interchangeability of valves within piping systems, facilitating easier installation, maintenance, and replacement.

The standard covers a variety of valve types, including gate, globe, plug, ball, check, and butterfly valves, and applies to a broad range of sizes and pressure classes.

By defining precise dimensions for each valve type, ASME B16.10 helps to standardize valve design across the industry, making it simpler for engineers and designers to select and specify valves for new installations or to find suitable replacements for existing systems.

Adherence to ASME B16.10 ensures that valves manufactured by different companies can be used interchangeably in a piping system without the need for modifications, provided they conform to the same type, size, and pressure class as specified in the standard.

This interoperability is crucial for maintaining the efficiency, safety, and reliability of fluid handling systems across various applications, including oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, and water treatment.

ASME B16.10 SIGNIFICANCE FOR VALVES MANUFACTURERS

The ASME B16.10 standard plays a crucial role for valve manufacturers by providing a comprehensive guideline for the face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of various types of valves, including gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly valves. Adhering to this standard offers several significant benefits to manufacturers:

Ensures Interoperability: By defining standardized dimensions for valves, ASME B16.10 ensures that valves produced by different manufacturers can be used interchangeably within piping systems without the need for system modification. This interoperability is crucial for end-users looking to replace or upgrade valves without altering existing piping layouts.
Facilitates Design and Manufacturing Processes: ASME B16.10 provides a clear set of guidelines that manufacturers can follow during the design and manufacturing processes. This standardization helps streamline production, reduce design costs, and minimize the risk of errors that could lead to incompatibility with existing systems.
Enhances Market Competitiveness: Compliance with internationally recognized standards like ASME B16.10 demonstrates a manufacturer’s commitment to quality and reliability. This compliance can enhance a manufacturer’s reputation in the market, making their products more attractive to customers who prioritize standardization for ease of maintenance and system integrity.
Promotes Safety and Reliability: Following ASME B16.10 helps ensure that valves are designed to fit properly within a variety of systems, thereby reducing the likelihood of leaks or failures due to improper fit or installation. This contributes to the overall safety and reliability of fluid handling systems in critical applications across industries.
Simplifies Inventory and Distribution: For distributors and stockists, the standardization of valve dimensions means that a smaller inventory can serve a wider range of applications, reducing storage costs and simplifying logistics. This efficiency benefits manufacturers, distributors, and end-users alike.
Supports Regulatory Compliance: In many industries and regions, compliance with ASME standards is either a regulatory requirement or a key factor in project specifications. By adhering to ASME B16.10, valve manufacturers ensure that their products meet the necessary criteria for use in a wide range of projects, from industrial applications to infrastructure and beyond.

In summary, ASME B16.10 is essential for valve manufacturers as it promotes interoperability, streamlines production processes, enhances competitiveness, ensures safety and reliability, simplifies inventory management, and supports regulatory compliance. These benefits underscore the importance of this standard in the global valve manufacturing industry.

HOW TO SELECT VALVE FACE-TO-FACE

Selecting the appropriate valve face-to-face dimension according to ASME B16.10 involves a systematic approach, taking into consideration the type of valve, its application, and the specific requirements of the piping system. Here’s how you can go about it:

Identify the Valve Type
Start by identifying the type of valve you need for your application (e.g., gate, globe, ball, butterfly, check). Each valve type has different design characteristics and applications, influencing the required face-to-face dimension.
Determine the Valve Size and Class
Determine the size (diameter) of the valve required based on the flow rate and the size of the piping system. Also, identify the pressure class of the valve, which is based on the maximum pressure and temperature the valve needs to withstand. The size and class will impact the face-to-face dimensions.
Consult ASME B16.10
With the valve type, size, and class in mind, consult the ASME B16.10 standard. The standard provides tables with face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions for various types of valves across different sizes and pressure classes. Locate the appropriate table for your valve type and find the dimension that matches your valve’s size and class.
Consider System Requirements
Consider any specific requirements of your piping system that may influence the selection. For instance, if the valve is to replace an existing valve, ensure the selected dimension matches the available space and existing piping layout. For new installations, consider ease of maintenance, future replacements, and system expansion possibilities.
Check for Exceptions or Special Cases
Note that certain applications or systems may have exceptions or require special considerations that could affect the choice of valve face-to-face dimension. For example, specialized processes or extreme operating conditions may necessitate custom or non-standard dimensions. In such cases, consultation with valve manufacturers or engineering experts is advised.
Confirm Compatibility
Ensure that the selected valve and its face-to-face dimension are compatible with the flanges or end connections of the piping system. Compatibility is crucial for a leak-proof system and efficient operation.
Seek Manufacturer’s Data
Manufacturers often provide detailed catalogs or datasheets with their valves’ dimensions, including face-to-face lengths, which are compliant with ASME B16.10. Refer to these documents to confirm the selection and availability of the required valve.

Selecting the correct valve face-to-face dimension according to ASME B16.10 enhances the efficiency, safety, and reliability of your piping system. This process ensures that the valve will fit properly within the system, facilitating maintenance and future replacements while adhering to industry standards.

ASME B16.10 VALVE FACE-TO-FACE SIZE CHARTS (CLASS 150 TO 2500)

Valve face to face dimension ASME B16.10

VALVES CLASS 150

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

150#	Ball Long Pattern	Ball Short Pattern	Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc	Gate Conduit	Plug Short Pattern	Plug Regular Pattern	Plug Venturi Pattern	Plug Round Port Full Bore	Globe Lift and Swing Check	Y-Globe and Y-Swing Check
1/2	108	108	108	–	–	–	–	–	108	140
3/4	117	117	117	–	–	–	–	–	117	152
1	127	127	127	–	140	–	–	176	127	165
1 1/4	140	140	140	–	–	–	–	–	140	184
1 1/2	165	165	165	–	165	–	–	222	165	203
2½	178	178	178	178	178	–	178	267	203	229
2½	190	190	190	190	190	–	–	298	216	279
3	203	203	203	203	203	–	203	343	241	318
4	229	229	229	229	229	305	229	432	292	368
5	–	–	254	–	254	381	–	–	356	–
6	394	267	267	267	267	394	394	–	406	470
8	457	292	292	292	292	457	457	–	495	597
10	533	330	330	330	330	533	533	–	622	673
12	610	356	356	356	356	610	610	–	698	775
14	686	381	381	381	–	686	686	–	787	–
16	762	406	406	406	–	762	762	–	914	–
18	864	–	432	432	–	864	864	–	978	–
20	914	–	457	457	–	914	914	–	978	–
22	–	–	–	508	–	–	–	–	1067	–
24	1067	–	508	508	–	1067	1067	–	1295	–
26	–	–	559	559	–	–	–	–	1295	–
28	–	–	610	610	–	–	–	–	1448	–
30	–	–	610	660	–	–	–	–	1524	–
32	–	–	–	711	–	–	–	–	–	–
34	–	–	–	762	1016	–	–	–	–	–
36	–	–	711	813	–	–	–	–	1956	–

VALVES CLASS 300

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

300#	Ball Long Pattern	Ball Short Pattern	Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc and Conduit	Plug Short and Venturi Pattern	Plug Regular Pattern	Plug Round Port Full Bore	Globe and Lift Check	Swing Check
1/2	140	140	140	–	–	–	152	–
3/4	152	152	152	–	–	–	178	–
1	165	165	165	159	–	190	203	216
1 1/4	178	178	178	–	–	–	216	229
1 1/2	190	190	190	190	–	241	229	241
2½	216	216	216	216	–	282	267	267
2½	241	241	241	241	–	330	292	292
3	282	282	282	282	–	387	318	318
4	305	305	305	305	–	457	356	356
5	–	–	381	–	–	–	400	400
6	403	403	403	403	403	559	444	444
8	502	419	419	419	502	686	559	533
10	568	457	457	457	568	826	622	622
12	648	502	502	502	711	965	711	711
14	762	572	762	762	762	–	–	838
16	838	610	838	838	838	–	–	864
18	914	660	914	914	914	–	–	978
20	991	711	991	991	991	–	–	1016
22	1092	–	1092	1092	1092	–	–	1118
24	1143	813	1143	1143	1143	–	–	1346
26	1245	–	1245	1245	1245	–	–	1346
28	1346	–	1346	1346	1346	–	–	1499
30	1397	–	1397	1397	1397	–	–	1594
32	1524	–	1524	1524	1524	–	–	–
34	1626	–	1626	1626	1626	–	–	–
36	1727	–	1727	1727	1727	–	–	2083

VALVES CLASS 600

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

600#	Ball Long Pattern	Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern	Plug Regular and Venturi Pattern	Plug Round Port Full Bore	Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Long Pattern
1/2	165	165	–	–	165
3/4	190	190	–	–	190
1	216	216	216	254	216
1 1/4	229	229	229	–	229
1 1/2	241	241	241	318	241
2½	292	292	292	330	292
2½	330	330	330	381	330
3	356	356	356	444	356
4	432	432	432	508	432
5	–	508	–	–	508
6	559	559	559	660	559
8	660	660	660	794	660
10	787	787	787	940	787
12	838	838	838	1067	838
14	889	889	889	–	889
16	991	991	991	–	991
18	1092	1092	1092	–	1092
20	1194	1194	1194	–	1194
22	1295	1295	1295	–	1295
24	1397	1397	1397	–	1397
26	1448	1448	1448	–	1448
28	1549	1549	–	–	1600
30	1651	1651	1651	–	1651
32	1778	1778	1778	–	–
34	1930	1930	1930	–	–
36	2083	2083	2083	–	2083

VALVES CLASS 900

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

900 #	Gate Solid Wedge and Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern	Plug Regular and Venturi Pattern	Plug Round Port Full Bore	Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Long Pattern	Ball Long Pattern
3/4	–	–	–	229	–
1	254	254	–	254	254
1¼	279	279	–	279	279
1½	305	305	356	305	305
2	368	368	381	368	368
2½	419	419	432	419	419
3	381	381	470	381	381
4	457	457	559	457	457
5	559	–	–	559	–
6	610	610	737	610	610
8	737	737	813	737	737
10	838	838	965	838	838
12	965	965	1118	965	965
14	1029	–	–	1029	1029
16	1130	1130	–	1130	1130
18	1219	–	–	1219	1219
20	1321	1321	–	1321	1321
22	–	–	–	–	–
24	1549	–	–	1549	1549

VALVES CLASS 1500

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

1500#	Gate Solid Wedge Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern	Plug Regular and Venturi Pattern	Plug Round Port Full Bore	Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Short Pattern	Ball Long Pattern
1/2	–	–	–	216	–
3/4	–	–	–	229	–
1	254	254	–	254	–
1¼	279	279	–	279	–
1½	305	305	–	305	–
2	368	368	391	368	368
2½	419	419	454	419	419
3	470	470	524	470	470
4	546	546	625	546	546
5	673	–	–	673	–
6	705	705	787	705	705
8	832	832	889	832	832
10	991	991	1067	991	991
12	1130	1130	1219	1130	1130
14	1257	–	–	1257	1257
16	1384	1384	–	1384	1384
18	1537	–	–	1537	–
20	1664	–	–	1664	–
22	–	–	–	–	–
24	1943	–	–	1943	–

VALVES CLASS 2500

Note: dimensions in mm for flanged valves with RF face (ASME B16.10)

2500#	Gate Solid Wedge Double Disc and Conduit Long Pattern	Plug Regular Pattern	Globe Lift Check and Swing Check Long Pattern	Ball Long Pattern
1/2	264	–	264	–
3/4	273	–	273	–
1	308	308	308	–
1¼	349	–	349	–
1½	384	384	384	–
2	451	451	451	451
2½	508	508	508	508
3	578	578	578	578
4	673	673	673	673
5	794	794	794	–
6	914	914	914	914
8	1022	1022	1022	1022
10	1270	1270	1270	1270
12	1422	1422	1422	1422

The ASME B16.10 specification can be purchased here.

May 23, 2024/by stvvalve

ASME B16.34 specifies pressure and temperature ratings for valves

ASME B16.34 specifies pressure and temperature ratings for valves in different classes, ranging from 150 to 4500, guiding their safe use across varying operational conditions. It categorizes valve materials into groups based on their properties, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and various alloys, to ensure compatibility with specific pressure and temperature conditions. This system facilitates the selection of appropriate valve materials for safety and efficiency in applications, considering factors like corrosion resistance and strength under pressure.

ASME B16.34 FOR VALVES

ASME B16.34 categorizes materials into several groups to standardize the application of valve materials across different temperature and pressure conditions. These groups help in selecting the appropriate material for valves based on operational requirements, ensuring compatibility with the fluid being handled and the environmental conditions of the application.

The material groups include various grades of carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, and non-ferrous metals, each chosen for their specific properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature tolerance.

ASME B16.34 mentions pipes, plates, and steel bars because it includes material specifications and grades for the manufacture of valve parts. These materials must meet specific standards to ensure that valves can safely operate under the pressure and temperature conditions for which they are rated. Including these materials helps ensure compatibility and safety across various applications in piping systems.

ASME B16.34 GROUP 1 MATERIALS: CARBON AND ALLOY

Material Group No.	Material Nominal Designation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.1	C C-SI C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V	A105 A350 Gr. LF2A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.1	A216 Gr. WCB	A515 Gr. 70 A516 Gr. 70 A537 Gr. Cl.1	A675 Gr. 70 A105 A350 Gr. LF2 A696 Gr. C	A672 Gr. B70 A672 Gr. C70
1.2	C-SI 2 1/2NI 3 1/2NI C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V	A350 Gr. LF3 A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.2	A352 Gr. LC2 A352 Gr. LC3 A216 Gr. WCC A352 Gr. LCC	A203 Gr. B A203 Gr. E	A350 Gr. LF3	A106 Gr. C
1.3	C C-SI 2 1/2NI 3 1/2NI C-MN-SI	–	A352 Gr. LCB	A515 Gr. 65 A203 Gr. A A203 Gr. D A516 Gr. 65	A675 Gr. 65	A672 Gr. B65 A672 Gr. C65
1.4	C C-SIC-MN-SI	A350 Gr. LF1	–	A515 Gr. 60A516 Gr. 60	A675 Gr. 60 A350 Gr. LF1 A696 Gr. B	A106 Gr. B A672 Gr. B60 A672 Gr. C60
1.5	C-1/2MO	A182 Gr. F1	A217 Gr. WC1 A352 Gr. LC1	A204 Gr. A A204 Gr. B	A182 Gr. F1	A691 Gr. CM-70
1.6	C-1/2MO1/2CR-1/2MO 1CR-1/2MO	–	–	A387 Gr. 2 Cl.1 A387 Gr. 2 Cl.2 A387 Gr. 12 Cl.1	–	A335 Gr. P1 A369 Gr. FP1 A691 Gr. 1/2CR
1.7	C-1/2MO 1/2CR-1/2MO NI-1/2CR-1/2MO 3/4NI-MO-3/4CR	A182 Gr. F2	A217 Gr. WC4 A217 Gr. WC5	A204 Gr. C	A182 Gr. F2	A691 Gr. MC-75
1.8	1CR-1/2MO 1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI2 1/4CR-1MO	–	–	A387 Gr. 12 Cl.2 A387 Gr. 11 Cl.1A387 Gr. 22 Cl.1	–	A691 Gr. 1CR A335 Gr. P12 A369 Gr. FP12 A691 Gr. 1 1/4CR A335 Gr. P11 A369 Gr. FP11 A691 Gr. 2 1/4CR A335 Gr. P22 A369 Gr. FP22
1.9	1CR-1/2MO 1 1/4CR-1/2MO-SI 1 1/4CR-1/2MO	A182 Gr. F12 Cl.2 A182 Gr. F11 Cl.2	A217 Gr. WC6	A387 Gr. 11 Cl.2	A182 Gr. F12 Cl.2 A182 Gr. F11 Cl.2 A739 Gr. B11	–
1.10	2 1/4CR-1MO	A182 Gr. F22 Cl.3	A217 Gr. WC9	A387 Gr. 22 Cl.2	A182 Gr. F22 Cl.3 A739 Gr. B22	–
1.11	3CR-1MO MN-1/2MO MN-s1/2MO-1/2NI MN-1/2MO-3/4NI C-MN-SI	A182 Gr. F21	–	A387 Gr. 21 Cl.2 A302 Gr. A & B A302 Gr. C A302 Gr. D A537 Gr. CL2	A182 Gr. F21	–
1.12	5CR-1/2MO 5CR-1/2MO-SI	–	–	A387 Gr. 5 Cl.1 A387 Gr. 5 Cl.2	–	A691 Gr. 5CR A335 Gr. P5 A369 Gr. FP5 A335 Gr. P5b
1.13	5CR-1/2MO	A182 Gr. F5a A182 Gr. F5	A217 Gr. C5	–	A182 Gr. F5a A182 Gr. F5	–
1.14	9CR-1MO	A182 Gr. F9	A217 Gr. C12	–	A182 Gr. F9	–
1.15	9CR-1MO-V	A182 Gr. F51	A217 Gr. C12A	A387 Gr. 91 Cl.2	A182 Gr. F91	A335 Gr. P91

GROUP 1.1

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.1	C C-SI C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V	A105 [1] [6] A350 Gr. LF2 [1] A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.1 [7]	A216 Gr. WCB [1]	A515 Gr. 70 [1] A516 Gr. 70 [1] [2] A537 Gr. Cl.1 [3]	A675 Gr. 70 [1] [4] [5] A105 [1] [6] A350 Gr. LF2 [1] A696 Gr. C	A672 Gr. B70 [1] A672 Gr. C70 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase of the steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800°F.
[2] Not to be used over 850°F.
[3] Not to be used over 700°F.
[4] Leaded grades shall not be used where welded of in any application above 500°F.
[5] For service temperatures above 850°F, it is recommended that killed steels containing not less than 0.10% residual silicon be used.
[6] Only killed steel shall be used above 850°F.
[7] Not to be used over 500°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.1 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150#	300#	400#	600#	900#	1500#	2500#
-20 to 100	285	700	900	1480	2220	3705	6170
200	260	675	900	1350	2025	3375	5625
300	230	655	875	1315	1970	3280	5470
400	200	635	845	1270	1900	3170	5280
500	170	600	800	1200	1795	2995	4990
600	140	550	730	1095	1640	3735	4560
650	125	535	715	1075	1610	2685	4475
700	110	535	710	1005	1600	2665	4440
750	95	505	670	1010	1510	2520	4200
800	80	410	550	825	1235	2060	3430
850	65	270	355	535	805	1340	2230
900	50	170	230	345	515	860	1430
950	35	105	140	205	310	515	860
1000	20	50	70	105	155	260	430

GROUP 1.2

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.2	C-SI 2 1/2 NI 3 1/2 NI C-MN-SIC-MN-SI-V	A350 Gr. LF3 [2] A350 Gr. LF6 Cl.2 [4]	A352 Gr. LC2 [2] A352 Gr. LC3 [2] A216 Gr. WCC [1] A352 Gr. LCC [2]	A203 Gr. B [1] A203 Gr. E [1]	A350 Gr. LF3 [2]	A106 Gr. C [3]

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.2 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	290	750	1000	1500	2250	3750	6250
200	260	750	1000	1500	2250	3750	6250
300	230	730	970	1455	2185	3640	6070
400	200	705	940	1410	2115	3530	5880
500	170	665	885	1330	1995	3325	5540
600	140	605	805	1210	1815	3025	5040
650	125	590	785	1175	1765	2940	4905
700	110	570	755	1135	1705	2840	4730
750	95	505	670	1010	1510	2520	4200
800	80	410	550	825	1235	2060	3430
850	65	270	355	535	805	1340	2230
900	50	170	230	345	515	860	1430
950	35	105	140	205	310	515	860
1000	20	50	70	105	155	260	430

GROUP 1.3

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.3	C C-SI 2 1/2 NI 3 1/2 NI C-MN-SI	–	A352 Gr. LCB [5]	A515 Gr. 65 [1] A203 Gr. A [1] A203 Gr. D [1] A516 Gr. 65 [1] [2]	A675 Gr. 65 [1] [3] [4]	A672 Gr. B65 [1] A672 Gr. C65 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase of the steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800°F.
[2] Not to be used over 850°F.
[3] Leaded grades shall not be used where welded in any application above 500°F.
[4] For service temperatures above 850°F, it is recommended that killed steel containing not less than 0.10% residual silicon be used.
[5] Not to be used over 650°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.3 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	265	695	925	1390	2085	3470	5785
200	250	655	875	1315	1970	3280	5470
300	230	640	850	1275	1915	3190	5315
400	200	620	825	1235	1850	3085	5145
500	170	585	775	1165	1745	2910	4850
600	140	535	710	1065	1600	2665	4440
650	125	525	695	1045	1570	2615	4355
700	110	520	690	1035	1555	2590	4320
750	95	475	630	945	1420	2365	3945
800	80	390	520	780	1175	1955	3260
850	65	270	355	535	805	1340	2230
900	50	170	230	345	515	860	1430
950	35	105	140	205	310	515	860
1000	20	50	70	105	155	260	430

GROUP 1.4

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.4	C C-SIC-MN-SI	A350 Gr. LF1 [1]	–	A515 Gr. 60 [1] [2]A516 Gr. 60 [1] [2]	A675 Gr. 60 [1] [2] [3] A350 Gr. LF1 [1] A696 Gr. B	A106 Gr. B [1] A672 Gr. B60 [1] A672 Gr. C60 [1]

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.4 ASME B16.34 materials:

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	235	620	825	1235	1850	3085	1545
200	215	560	750	1125	1685	2810	4680
300	210	550	730	1095	1640	2735	4560
400	200	530	705	1060	1585	2645	4405
500	170	500	665	995	1495	2490	4150
600	140	455	610	915	1370	2285	3805
650	125	450	600	895	1345	2245	3740
700	110	450	600	895	1345	2245	3740
750	95	445	590	885	1325	2210	3685
800	80	370	495	740	1110	1850	3085
850	65	270	355	535	805	1340	2230
900	50	170	230	345	515	860	1430
950	35	105	140	205	310	515	860
1000	20	50	70	105	155	260	430

GROUP 1.5

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.5	C-1/2MO	A182 Gr. F1 [1]	A217 Gr. WC1 [1] [2] A352 Gr. LC1 [3]	A204 Gr. A [1] A204 Gr. B	A182 Gr. F1 [1]	A691 Gr. CM-70 [1]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 875°F, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 875°F.
[2] Use normalized and tempered material only.
[3] Not to be used over 650°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.5 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	265	695	925	1390	2085	3470	5785
200	260	680	905	1360	2035	3395	5660
300	230	655	870	1305	1955	3260	5435
400	200	640	855	1280	1920	3200	5330
500	170	620	830	1245	1865	3105	5180
600	140	605	805	1210	1815	3025	5040
650	125	590	785	1175	1765	2940	4905
700	110	570	755	1135	1705	2840	4730
750	95	530	710	1065	1595	2660	4430
800	80	510	675	1015	1525	2540	4230
850	65	485	650	975	1460	2435	4060
900	50	450	600	900	1350	2245	3745
950	35	280	375	560	845	1405	2345
1000	20	165	220	330	495	825	1370

GROUP 1.6

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
1.6	C-1/2MO1/2CR-1/2MO 1CR-1/2MO	–	–	A387 Gr. 2 Cl.1 [3] A387 Gr. 2 Cl.2 [3] A387 Gr. 12 Cl.1 [2]	–	A335 Gr. P1 [1] [3] A369 Gr. FP1 [1] [3] A691 Gr. 1/2CR [3]

[1] Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 875°F, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 875°F.
[2] Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 1100°F.
[3] Not to be used over 1000°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 1.6 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	225	590	790	1185	1775	2955	4930
200	225	590	790	1185	1775	2955	4930
300	225	590	790	1185	1775	2955	4930
400	200	570	765	1145	1775	2860	4765
500	170	550	735	1105	1655	2755	4595
600	140	535	710	1065	1600	2665	4440
650	125	525	695	1045	1570	2615	4355
700	110	510	685	1025	1535	2560	4270
750	95	475	630	945	1420	2365	3945
800	80	475	630	945	1420	2365	3945
850	65	460	615	920	1380	2295	3830
900	50	440	590	885	1325	2210	3685
950	35	315	420	630	945	1575	2630
1000	20	200	270	405	605	1010	1685
1050	20 [1]	155	205	310	465	770	1285
1100	20 [1]	95	130	190	290	480	800
1150	20 [1]	60	80	125	185	310	515
1200	15 [1]	40	50	75	115	190	315

ASME B16.34 GROUP 2 MATERIALS: STAINLESS STEEL

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
2.1	18CR-8NI	A182 Gr. F304 A182 Gr. F304H	A351 Gr. CF3 A351 Gr. CF8	A240 Gr. 304 A240 Gr. 340H	A182 Gr. F304 A182 Gr. F304H A479 Gr. 304 A479 Gr. 304H	A312 Gr. TP304 A312 Gr. TP304H A358 Gr. 304 A376 Gr. TP304 A376 Gr. TP304H A430 Gr. FP304 A430 Gr. FP304H
2.2	16CR-12NI-2MO 18CR-8NI18CR-13NI-3MO 16CR-12NI-2MO 19CR-10NI-3MO	A182 Gr. F316 A182 Gr. F316H	A351 Gr. CF3A A351 Gr. CF8AA351 Gr. CF3M A351 Gr. CF8M A351 Gr. CG8M	A240 Gr. 316 A240 Gr. 316HA240 Gr. 317	A182 Gr. F316 A182 Gr. F316H A479 Gr. 316 A479 Gr. 316H	A312 Gr. TP316 A312 Gr. TP316H A358 Gr. 316 A376 Gr. TP316 A376 Gr. TP316H A430 Gr. FP316 A430 Gr. FP316HA312 Gr. TP317
2.3	18CR-8NI 16CR-12NI-2MO	A182 Gr. F304LA182 Gr. F316L	–	A240 Gr. 304LA240 Gr. 316L	A182 Gr. F304L A479 Gr. 304L A182 Gr. F316L A479 Gr. 316L	A312 Gr. TP304L A312 Gr. TP316L
2.4	18CR-10NI-TI	A182 Gr. F321 A182 Gr. F321H	–	A240 Gr. 321 A240 Gr. 321H	A182 Gr. F321 A479 Gr. 321 A182 Gr. F321H A479 Gr. 321H	A312 Gr. TP321 A312 Gr. TP321H A358 Gr. 321 A376 Gr. TP321 A376 Gr. TP321H A430 Gr. FP321 A430 Gr. FP321H
2.5	18CR-10NI-CB	A182 Gr. F347 A182 Gr. F347H A182 Gr. F348 A182 Gr. F348H	A351 Gr. CF8C	A240 Gr. 347 A240 Gr. 347H A240 Gr. 348 A240 Gr. 348H	A182 Gr. F347 A182 Gr. F347H A182 Gr. F348 A182 Gr. F348H A479 Gr. 347A479 Gr. 347H A479 Gr. 348 A479 Gr. 348H	A312 Gr. TP347 A312 Gr. TP347H A358 Gr. TP347 A376 Gr. TP347 A376 Gr. TP347H A376 Gr. TP348 A430 Gr. FP347 A430 Gr. FP347H A312 Gr. TP348 A312 Gr. TP348H
2.6	25CR-12NI 23CR-12NI	–	A351 Gr. CH8 A351 Gr. CH20	A240 Gr. 309S A240 Gr. 309H	–	A312 Gr. TP309H A358 Gr. 309H
2.7	25CR-20NI	A182 Gr. F310H	A351 Gr. CK20	A240 Gr. 310S A240 Gr. 310H	A182 Gr. F310H A479 Gr. 310H A479 Gr. 310S	A312 Gr. TP310HA358 Gr. 310H
2.8	20CR-18NI-6MO 22CR-5NI-3MO-N 25CR-7NI-4MO-N24CR-10NI-4MO-V 25CR-5NI-2MO-2CU 25CR-7NI-3.5MO-W-CB 25CR-7NI-3.5MO-N-CB-W	A182 Gr. F44A182 Gr. F51 A182 Gr. F53 A182 Gr. F55	A351 Gr. CK3MCuN A351 Gr. CE8MN A351 Gr. CD4MCu A351 Gr. CD3MWCuN	A240 Gr. S31254A240 Gr. S31803 A240 Gr. S32750 A240 Gr. S32760	A479 Gr. S31254 A479 Gr. S31803 A479 Gr. S32750	A312 Gr. S31254 A358 Gr. S31254 A789 Gr. S31803 A790 Gr. S31803 A789 Gr. S32750 A790 Gr. S32750 A789 Gr. S32760 A790 Gr. S32760

GROUP 2.1

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
2.1	18CR-8NI	A182 Gr. F304 [1] A182 Gr. F304H	A351 Gr. CF3 [2] A351 Gr. CF8 [1]	A240 Gr. 304 [1] A240 Gr. 340H	A182 Gr. F304 [1] A182 Gr. F304H A479 Gr. 304 [1] A479 Gr. 304H	A312 Gr. TP304 [1] A312 Gr. TP304H A358 Gr. 304 [1] A376 Gr. TP304 [1] A376 Gr. TP304H A430 Gr. FP304 [1] A430 Gr. FP304H

[1] At temperatures over 1000°F, use only when the carbon content is 0.04% or higher.
[2] Not to be used over 800°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 2.1 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	275	720	960	1440	2160	3600	6000
200	230	600	800	1200	1800	3000	5000
300	205	540	720	1080	1620	2700	4500
400	190	495	660	995	1490	2485	4140
500	170	465	620	930	1395	2330	3880
600	140	435	580	875	1310	2185	3640
650	125	430	575	860	1290	2150	3580
700	110	425	565	850	1275	2125	3540
750	95	415	555	830	1245	2075	3460
800	80	405	540	805	1210	2015	3360
850	65	395	530	790	1190	1980	3300
900	50	390	520	780	1165	1945	3240
950	35	380	510	765	1145	1910	3180
1000	20	320	430	640	965	1605	2675
1050	20 [1]	310	410	615	925	1545	2570
1100	20 [1]	255	345	515	770	1285	2145
1150	20 [1]	200	265	400	595	995	1655
1200	20 [1]	155	205	310	465	770	1285
1250	20 [1]	115	150	225	340	565	945
1300	20 [1]	85	115	170	255	430	715
1350	20 [1]	60	80	125	185	310	515
1400	20 [1]	50	65	95	145	240	400
1450	15 [1]	35	45	70	105	170	285
1500	10 [1]	25	35	55	80	135	230

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. The flanged end rating stops at 1000°F.

GROUP 2.2

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
2.2	16CR-12NI-2MO 18CR-8NI18CR-13NI-3MO 16CR-12NI-2MO 19CR-10NI-3MO	A182 Gr. F316 [1] A182 Gr. F316H	A351 Gr. CF3A [2] A351 Gr. CF8A [2]A351 Gr. CF3M [3] A351 Gr. CF8M [1] A351 Gr. CG8M [4]	A240 Gr. 316 [1] A240 Gr. 316HA240 Gr. 317 [1]	A182 Gr. F316 [1] A182 Gr. F316H A479 Gr. 316 [1] A479 Gr. 316H	A312 Gr. TP316 [1] A312 Gr. TP316H A358 Gr. 316 [1] A376 Gr. TP316 [1] A376 Gr. TP316H A430 Gr. FP316 [1] A430 Gr. FP316HA312 Gr. TP317 [1]

[1] At temperatures over 1000°F, use only when carbon content is 0.04% or higher.
[2] Not to be used over 650°F.
[3] Not to be used over 850°F.
[4] Not to be used over 1000°F.

Maximum gage pressure (in psi) by temperature for Group 2.2 ASME B16.34 materials

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	275	720	960	1440	2160	3600	6000
200	235	620	825	1240	1860	3095	5160
300	215	560	745	1120	1680	2795	4660
400	195	515	685	1025	1540	2570	4280
500	170	480	635	955	1435	2390	3980
600	140	450	600	900	1355	2255	3760
650	125	445	590	890	1330	2220	3700
700	110	430	580	870	1305	2170	3620
750	95	425	570	855	1280	2135	3560
800	80	420	565	845	1265	2110	3520
850	65	420	555	835	1255	2090	3480
900	50	415	555	830	1245	2075	3460
950	35	385	515	775	1160	1930	3220
1000	20	350	465	700	1050	1750	2915
1050	20 [1]	345	460	685	1030	1720	2865
1100	20 [1]	305	405	610	915	1525	2545
1150	20 [1]	235	315	475	710	1185	1970
1200	20 [1]	185	245	370	555	925	1545
1250	20 [1]	145	195	295	440	735	1230
1300	20 [1]	115	155	235	350	585	970
1350	20 [1]	95	130	190	290	480	800
1400	20 [1]	75	100	150	225	380	630
1450	20 [1]	60	80	115	175	290	485
1500	20 [1]	40	55	85	125	205	345

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. Flanged end rating stops at 1000°F.

ASME B16.34 GROUP 3 MATERIALS: NICKEL ALLOYS

MaterialGroup No.	Material NominalDesignation	Forging	Casting	Plate	Bar	Tubular
3.1	35NI-35FE-20CR-CB	B462 Gr. N08020	–	B463 Gr. N08020	B473 Gr. N08020	B464 Gr. N08020 B468 Gr. N08020
3.2	99NI	B160 Gr. N02200	–	B162 Gr. N02200	B160 Gr. N02200	B161 Gr. N02200 B163 Gr. N02200
3.3	99NI-Low C	B160 Gr. N02201	–	B162 Gr. N02201	B160 Gr. N02201	–
3.4	67NI-30CU67NI-30CU-S	B564 Gr. N04400B564 Gr. N04405	–	B127 Gr. N04400	B164 Gr. N04400B164 Gr. N04405	B165 Gr. N04400 B163 Gr. N04400
3.5	72NI-15CR-8FE	B564 Gr. N06600	–	B168 Gr. N06600	B166 Gr. N06600	B167 Gr. N06600 B163 Gr. N06600
3.6	33NI-42FE-21CR	B564 Gr. N08800	–	B409 Gr. N08800	B408 Gr. N08800	B163 Gr. N08800
3.7	65NI-28MO-2FE	B335 Gr. N10665	–	B333 Gr. N10665	B335 Gr. N10665	B662 Gr. N10665
3.8	54NI-16MO-15CR 60NI-22CR-9MO-3.5CB 62NI-28MO-5FE 70NI-16MO-7CR-5FE 61NI-16MO-16CR 42NI-21.5CR-3MO-2.3CU	B564 Gr. N10276 B564 Gr. N06625 B335 Gr. N10001 B573 Gr. N10003 B574 Gr. N06455 B425 Gr. N08825	–	B575 Gr. N10276 B443 Gr. N06625 B333 Gr. N10001 B434 Gr. N10003 B575 Gr. N06455 B424 Gr. N08825	B574 Gr. N10276 B446 Gr. N06625 B335 Gr. N10001 B573 Gr. N10003 B574 Gr. N06455 B425 Gr. N08825	B622 Gr. N10276B622 Gr. N10001B622 Gr. N06455 B423 Gr. N08825
3.9	47NI-22CR-9MO-18FE	B572 Gr. N06002	–	B435 Gr. N06002	B572 Gr. N06002	B622 Gr. N06002
3.10	25NI-47FE-21CR-5MO	B672 Gr. N08700	–	B599 Gr. N08700	B672 Gr. N08700	–
3.11	44FE-25NI-21CR-MO	B649 Gr. N08904	–	B625 Gr. N08904	B649 Gr. N08904	B677 Gr. N08904
3.12	26NI-43FE-22CR-5MO 47NI-22CR-20FE-7MO	B621 Gr. N08320 B581 Gr. N06985	–	B620 Gr. N08320 B582 Gr. N06985	B621 Gr. N08320 B581 Gr. N06985	B622 Gr. N08320 B622 Gr. N06985
3.13	49NI-25CR-18FE-6MO NI-FE-CR-MO-CU-Low C	B581 Gr. N06975 B564 Gr. N08031	–	B582 Gr. N06975 B625 Gr. N08031	B581 Gr. N06975 B649 Gr. N08031	B622 Gr. N06975 B622 Gr. N08031
3.14	47NI-22CR-19FE-6MO	B581 Gr. N06007	–	B582 Gr. N06007	B581 Gr. N06007	B622 Gr. N06007
3.15	33NI-2FE-21CR NI-MO NI-MO-CR	B564 Gr. N08810	B494 Gr. N-12MW B494 Gr. CW-12MW	B409 Gr. N08810	B408 Gr. N08810	B407 Gr. N08810
3.16	35NI-19CR-1 1/4SI	B511 Gr. N08330	–	B536 Gr. N08330	B511 Gr. N08330	B535 Gr. N08330
3.17	29NI-20.5CR-3.5CU-2.5MO	–	A351 Gr. CN-7M	–	–	–

MAX GAGE PRESSURE (In Psi) BY TEMPERATURE

Group 3.1

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	290	750	1000	1500	2250	3750	6250
200	260	720	960	1440	2160	3600	6000
300	230	715	950	1425	2140	3565	5940
400	200	675	900	1345	2020	3365	5610
500	170	655	875	1310	1965	3275	5460
600	140	605	805	1210	1815	3025	5040
650	125	590	785	1175	1765	2940	4905
700	110	570	755	1135	1705	2840	4730
750	95	530	710	1065	1595	2660	4430
800	80	510	675	1015	1525	2540	4230

Group 3.2

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	140	360	480	720	1080	1800	3000
200	140	360	480	720	1080	1800	3000
300	140	360	480	720	1080	1800	3000
400	140	360	480	720	1080	1800	3000
500	140	360	480	720	1080	1800	3000
600	140	360	480	720	1080	1800	3000

Group 3.3

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	90	240	320	480	720	1200	2000
200	85	230	305	455	685	1140	1900
300	85	225	300	445	670	1115	1860
400	85	215	290	430	650	1080	1800
500	85	215	290	430	650	1080	1800
600	85	215	290	430	650	1080	1800
650	85	215	290	430	650	1080	1800
700	85	215	290	430	650	1080	1800
750	80	210	280	420	635	1055	1760
800	80	205	270	410	610	1020	1700
850	65	205	270	410	610	1020	1700
900	50	140	185	280	415	695	1155
950	35	115	150	230	345	570	950
1000	20	95	125	185	280	465	770
1050	20 [1]	75	100	150	220	370	615
1100	20 [1]	60	80	125	185	310	515
1150	20 [1]	45	60	95	140	230	385
1200	15 [1]	35	50	75	110	185	310

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. The flanged end rating stops at 1000°F.

Group 3.4

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
200	200	530	705	1055	1585	2640	4400
300	190	495	660	990	1485	2470	4120
400	185	480	635	955	1435	2390	3980
500	170	475	635	950	1435	2375	3960
600	140	475	635	950	1435	2375	3960
650	125	475	635	950	1435	2375	3960
700	110	475	635	950	1435	2375	3960
750	95	470	625	935	1405	2340	3900
800	80	460	610	915	1375	2290	3820
850	65	340	455	680	1020	1695	2830
900	50	245	330	495	740	1235	2055

Group 3.5

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	290	750	1000	1500	2250	3750	6250
200	260	750	1000	1500	2250	3750	6250
300	230	730	970	1455	2185	3640	6070
400	200	705	940	1410	2115	3530	5880
500	170	665	885	1330	1995	3325	5540
600	140	605	805	1210	1815	3025	5040
650	125	590	785	1175	1765	2940	4905
700	110	570	755	1135	1705	2840	4730
750	95	530	710	1065	1595	2660	4430
800	80	510	675	1015	1525	2540	4230
850	65	485	650	975	1460	2435	4060
900	50	450	600	900	1350	2245	3745
950	35	325	435	655	980	1635	2725
1000	20	215	290	430	650	1080	1800
1050	20 [1]	140	185	280	415	695	1155
1100	20 [1]	95	125	185	280	465	770
1150	20 [1]	70	90	135	205	340	565
1200	20 [1]	60	80	125	185	310	515

[1] Use with buttweld valves only. Flanged end rating stop at 1000°F.

Group 3.10

Temp. °F	150	300	400	600	900	1500	2500
-20 to 100	275	720	960	1440	2160	3600	6000
200	260	720	960	1440	2160	3600	6000
300	230	680	905	1360	2040	3400	5670
400	200	640	855	1280	1920	3205	5340
500	170	610	815	1225	1835	3060	5100
600	140	595	790	1190	1780	2970	4950
650	125	570	760	1140	1705	2845	4740

We recommend purchasing the ASME B16.34 specification from the ASME website or from the IHS store to get a complete understanding of this topic.

May 23, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

Differences between Casting Vs. Forging

Steel items can be produced through either casting or forging processes. In steel casting, the metal is melted until it becomes liquid and is then poured into a mold to form the desired shape. Conversely, steel forging involves applying mechanical pressure to heated solid steel blocks (like ingots or billets), and permanently molding them into the required products.

STEEL FORGING VS. CASTING

BASIC DEFINITIONS

Steel casting and forging are two fundamental manufacturing processes used to form steel into desired products, each with distinct characteristics, advantages, and applications. Understanding the differences between these methods is crucial for choosing the most suitable approach for specific industrial needs.

Steel Casting

Steel casting involves melting steel into a liquid state and pouring it into a mold, where it solidifies into a specific shape. This process is advantageous for creating complex shapes and components that would be challenging to manufacture through other methods. Cast steel products can range from simple parts like gears and valves to intricate designs such as components for heavy machinery and automotive assemblies.

Steel casting finds applications in industries where complex shapes or specialized materials are required, including automotive, mining, aerospace, and construction.

Steel Forging

Forging involves heating solid steel blocks (ingots or billets) and then deforming them under high pressure or impact to achieve the desired shape. This process can be performed at various temperatures, leading to classifications such as cold forging, warm forging, and hot forging.

Steel forging is widely used in industries requiring high-strength components, such as automotive and aerospace for parts like gears, shafts, levers, and critical fasteners (including valves).

Both manufacturing processes require the application of high temperatures to steel raw materials (to liquefy or make it malleable) and the execution of CNC machining work at the end of the process to obtain the final product.

Final products may also undergo surface finish treatment, such as painting, powder coating, polishing, various types of coating (for example zinc plating) and wear protection/hardening (application of tungsten carbide overlay).

Last but not least, cast and forged parts may be assembled, welded, brazed, and hard-faced before being shipped as final products.

The products resulting from casting and forging processes have different properties in terms of surface porosity (generally better for forged vs. cast products), grain structure (finer for forged products), tensile strength (generally superior for forged products), and fatigue resistance.

These alternative manufacturing processes are therefore used (and suited for) different circumstances and applications.

CHOOSING BETWEEN CAST & FORGED PRODUCTS

The decision to use casting or forging depends on several factors:

Design Complexity: Casting is preferred for more complex shapes while forging is ideal for simpler, high-strength parts.
Material Properties: If the application requires specific alloy properties, casting may offer more flexibility. For applications where material strength and integrity are paramount, forging is often the better choice.
Production Volume: Forging can be more cost effective for large production runs of simpler shapes, whereas casting can be more economical for small to medium batches, especially of complex parts.
Cost Considerations: Initial setup costs for casting molds can be high, but per-unit costs decrease with volume. Forging requires significant investment in tooling and machinery, especially for high-volume production.

The casting process is generally preferred for:

parts and components that would be too complex or expensive to manufacture by steel forging (for example: large valve bodies);
parts that have internal cavities;
large-sized parts (there are virtually no size limits in terms of the weight of the parts that can be produced with the casting process);
parts in special alloys (some specific alloys are more difficult to forge than cast, for example, those with a high content of Nickel and Moly, which have considerable resistance to mechanical forces);
parts requiring mass production and small lots.

The forging process is preferred for:

parts requiring extremely high strength, toughness, and resistance (indeed, during the forging process the steel grain structure gets modified to conform to the shape of the final product – with high uniformity of composition and metallurgical recrystallization);
parts that have to withstand stronger impacts and mechanical forces;
parts where porosity, the risk of a gas void, pockets, and the possible formation of cavities (even micro-granular) are not acceptable;
production of mechanically strong parts without using expensive alloys;
parts that require high wear resistance;
parts subject to high loads and stress;
high-end applications when the integrity and the quality of the part are the main objectives in the production process, rather than time and cost.

The evolution of casting technologies has reduced the gap between the physical properties of cast vs. forged products making modern cast products very competitive in terms of quality, strength, and wear resistance: however, in many fields, steel forging remains, still, the preferred manufacturing option (example: small sized valves, i.e. forged valves, or high-pressure valves).

Read about forging steel on Wikipedia.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Steel casting and forging are used to produce products and parts for a multitude of sectors, including but not limited to:

petrochemical plants (for example forged valves, forged fittings, flanges, etc)
power generation and waste processing
mining and mineral processing
agriculture and livestock handling
water treatment
aeronautics
automobile industry (pulleys and gear wheels)
materials handling
brickworks
asphalt plants
stormwater parts
rendering plants
railways

STEEL CASTING

DEFINITION

Steel casting is a manufacturing process that involves melting steel until it becomes liquid, then pouring the molten steel into a mold where it solidifies into the desired shape. This method allows for the production of parts with complex geometries and detailed features that might be challenging to achieve through other manufacturing processes.

The molds used can be made from a variety of materials, including sand, metal, or ceramics, depending on the precision, surface finish, and reuse requirements of the casting. Steel castings are utilized across a broad range of industries, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and energy, due to their versatility in shape and size, and the ability to tailor the material properties through the selection of specific steel alloys and post-casting treatments such as heat treatment.

This process is particularly valuable for producing components that require high strength, durability, and resistance to wear and corrosion.

STEEL CASTING PROCESS

The steel casting manufacturing process involves several key steps that transform steel into precisely shaped components. This process is known for its ability to produce complex shapes and sizes, offering flexibility in design and material properties.

Here’s an overview of the main stages in the steel casting manufacturing process (in general terms, variations may exist based on the specific type of casting process adopted):

1. Pattern Making

The first step is creating a pattern that represents the shape of the final casting. Patterns can be made from various materials such as wood, plastic, or metal, depending on the complexity of the design and the casting quantity. The pattern is a replica of the final part but slightly larger to account for the shrinkage of the metal during cooling.

2. Mold Making

Using the pattern, a mold is made by packing a molding material (often sand mixed with binders) around the pattern in a molding box. When the pattern is removed, it leaves a cavity in the shape of the part to be cast. For complex parts, the mold consists of two halves (cope and drag) that are assembled before pouring. Cores may be used to form internal cavities within the casting.

3. Melting and Pouring

Steel is melted in a furnace at temperatures exceeding 1600°C (2900°F). The composition of the steel alloy is carefully controlled to meet the specific properties required for the casting. Once the steel is melted and any required alloying elements are added, the molten steel is poured into the prepared mold. The pouring process must be carefully controlled to ensure the mold is filled completely and to avoid defects.

4. Solidification and Cooling

After pouring, the steel begins to cool and solidify within the mold. Cooling rates can affect the microstructure and properties of the cast part. In some cases, directional solidification is used to control the way the metal cools, minimizing internal stresses and defects.

5. Mold Removal

Once the steel has fully solidified and cooled, the mold material is broken away to reveal the cast part. Sand molds are typically destroyed to remove the casting, while metal molds (used in permanent mold casting processes) are opened and reused.

6. Cleaning and Finishing

The casting is cleaned to remove any residual mold material and inspected for defects. Excess material from the pouring process, such as gates and runners, is removed. The casting may undergo various finishing processes, including grinding, machining, and heat treatment, to achieve the desired surface finish and mechanical properties.

7. Inspection and Quality Control

The final step involves inspecting the casting for defects and ensuring it meets the specified dimensions and material properties. Non-destructive testing methods such as X-ray or ultrasonic testing may be used to detect internal defects.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF CAST STEEL

Advantages

Cast steel offers a unique set of advantages that make it a preferred choice for a wide range of applications across various industries. These benefits stem from the versatility of the casting process as well as the intrinsic properties of steel. Here are some of the key advantages of cast steel:

1. Design Flexibility

Cast steel allows for the production of complex shapes and intricate designs that are difficult or impossible to achieve with other manufacturing processes. This flexibility enables designers and engineers to create components with optimized geometries for specific applications, incorporating features like internal cavities, contours, and complex external shapes without the need for assembly or welding of multiple parts.

2. Material Properties

Steel casting can utilize a wide range of steel alloys, offering the ability to tailor the material properties to specific application requirements. This includes adjusting the alloy composition to enhance strength, ductility, wear resistance, impact resistance, and corrosion resistance. Additionally, post-casting heat treatments can further modify the mechanical properties, providing additional customization options to meet the demands of the application.

3. Large Component Production

The steel casting process is well-suited for producing large components that would be challenging or cost-prohibitive to manufacture through forging or machining from a solid block of steel. This capability is particularly valuable in industries such as mining, construction, maritime, and energy, where large, durable components are essential.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

For small to medium production volumes, casting can be more cost-effective than other manufacturing methods, especially for complex shapes that would require extensive machining or assembly of multiple parts. The ability to produce near-net-shape components reduces the need for additional processing and material waste, further contributing to cost savings.

5. Surface Finish and Detail

Cast steel can achieve a good surface finish and a high level of detail directly from the mold, reducing the need for additional finishing processes. This is beneficial for parts that require precise dimensions or aesthetic considerations.

6. Reliability

Steel castings undergo stringent quality control and testing procedures to ensure they meet the required specifications and standards. Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, such as x-ray, ultrasonic, and magnetic particle inspection, help detect any internal or surface defects, ensuring the reliability and performance of the cast component in its intended application.

7. Speed to Market

The casting process can be relatively quick from design to production, especially for prototypes or limited production runs. This speed can significantly reduce the time to market for new products or components, providing a competitive advantage.

In conclusion, the combination of design flexibility, customizable material properties, and cost-effectiveness makes cast steel a versatile and valuable option for a wide range of industrial applications. From heavy machinery and automotive components to artistic and architectural elements, the advantages of cast steel enable engineers and designers to meet complex challenges and deliver innovative solutions.

Disadvantages

The manufacturing and utilization of cast steel components offer distinct advantages but also come with certain disadvantages. Understanding these can help in making informed decisions about when and how to use cast steel in various applications:

1. Cost

Initial Costs: The production of cast steel components can involve high initial costs due to the need for specialized molds, which can be expensive to manufacture, especially for intricate designs or low production volumes. This can make cast steel less economical for small batches.
Material Costs: Steel, especially alloyed varieties used in casting for enhanced properties, can be more expensive than other metals, adding to the overall cost of the casting process.

2. Surface Finish and Tolerances

Surface Finish: Cast steel might have a rougher surface finish compared to other manufacturing processes like forging or machining. This can necessitate additional finishing processes, increasing production time and costs.
Dimensional Tolerances: Achieving tight dimensional tolerances can be more challenging with cast steel, especially for complex shapes or large components. This might require further machining or processing to meet precise specifications.

3. Porosity and Defects

Porosity: The casting process can introduce porosity (tiny holes or voids) in the steel, which can affect the mechanical strength and integrity of the part. Porosity is particularly concerning in applications where pressure integrity or structural strength is critical.
Defects: Castings are susceptible to various defects such as shrinkage cavities, cold shuts, and inclusions. These defects not only compromise the structural integrity and mechanical properties of the part but also require rigorous inspection and quality control measures to detect and mitigate.

4. Material Limitations

Alloy Restrictions: While casting allows for the use of a wide range of alloys, some compositions might not be suitable for casting due to their melting characteristics or reactions with mold materials. This can limit the choice of materials for specific applications.
Size and Weight Limitations: There are practical limits to the size and weight of cast steel components, dictated by the capacity of foundry equipment and the challenges of managing heat dissipation and material properties uniformly across large castings.

5. Environmental Considerations

Energy Consumption: The melting and casting of steel require significant amounts of energy, contributing to the environmental footprint of cast steel products.
Waste Production: The process can generate waste, including used molds and cores, excess metal from gates and risers, and defective castings, which need to be managed and recycled when possible.

TYPES OF STEEL CASTING PROCESSES

Steel casting processes can be categorized based on the type of mold used, the method of mold filling, and the handling of the molten steel. Each process has its unique advantages and is suited to specific applications. Here’s an overview of the primary types of steel casting processes:

Sand Casting

Sand casting is the oldest casting method and consists of pouring liquid metal into binders that resist the molten metal (such as clay bonded/green sand hard bonded/resin, thermosetting resin sand, and shell).

Description: This is the most common and versatile method, using sand molds to create steel parts. The sand can be shaped into complex forms, making it suitable for a wide range of components.
Applications: Used for large parts and small to medium production runs, including automotive frames, heavy machinery components, and decorative pieces.

Investment Casting (Lost Wax Casting)

This term refers to precision molding executed by injecting the liquid metal into a metal die and a ceramic coating. The mold material can be hard wax, lost wax, lost foam, and similar. Investment casting is the preferred method for manufacturing parts with a high number of details, and small parts that cannot afford the costs of traditional sand casting.

Description: A precision casting process where a wax model is coated with refractory material to create a mold. After the wax is melted out, molten steel is poured into the cavity. This method provides excellent surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
Applications: Ideal for small, complex components with tight tolerances, such as turbine blades, medical equipment, and firearm components.

Centrifugal Casting

Description: In this process, molten steel is poured into a rotating mold, creating parts with cylindrical shapes. The centrifugal force pushes the molten steel against the mold walls, producing a dense and uniform casting.
Applications: Used for components requiring high material integrity, such as pipes, cylinders, and rings.

Continuous Casting

Description: A highly efficient process where molten steel is solidified in a continuous strand through a mold. The solidified steel is then cut into desired lengths. This method significantly reduces the need for further processing.
Applications: Primarily used for producing basic shapes like billets, blooms, and slabs, which are further processed into various steel products.

Shell Molding

Description: Similar to sand casting, but uses a resin-coated sand that bonds to form a shell around the pattern. This method offers a better surface finish and more precise dimensions than traditional sand casting.
Applications: Suitable for medium to high-volume production of small to medium-sized parts, such as valve components and gear housings.

Vacuum Casting

Description: A process where molten steel is poured into a mold under a vacuum. This reduces the occurrence of defects and improves the quality of the casting by minimizing turbulence and gas entrapment.
Applications: Used for components that require high integrity and are free of pores and voids, such as in the aerospace and power generation industries.

Die Casting

Note: While die casting is predominantly used with non-ferrous metals due to the high melting point of steel, there are specialized high-pressure die-casting processes capable of handling steel alloys.
Applications: Suitable for high-volume production of small, precise components that require a good surface finish.

Each steel casting process has its ideal applications based on the required part size, complexity, production volume, and material properties. Selecting the appropriate casting method is crucial for achieving the desired part performance and cost-efficiency. Sand casting is used for large parts, investment casting for small parts up to 100 kilograms and 1,5 meters of max. length.

STEEL FORGING

DEFINITION

Steel forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. In steel forging, steel is heated to a high temperature, making it pliable, and then it is hammered, pressed, or rolled into a desired shape.

This process can be performed at various temperatures, leading to different classifications such as hot forging, warm forging, and cold forging, each offering distinct advantages in terms of the material’s ductility and finished properties.

Steel forging appeared in China in the ancient ages to produce various types of metal products.

While the methods and equipment for creating forged components have evolved since those old days—from traditional anvils, hammers, and manual labor to modern automated machinery like hydraulic presses—the fundamental process of steel forging remains consistent. It involves heating solid steel blocks and then shaping them into finished products through the application of mechanical forces, such as hammering.

FORGING PROCESS

The steel forging process is a critical manufacturing technique used to shape metal into desired forms through the application of force and heat. It involves several key steps that transform a piece of steel into a strong, durable component with specific properties. Here’s a detailed look at the steel forging process:

1. Material Selection

The process begins with selecting the appropriate type of steel for the intended application. The choice depends on the required mechanical properties, such as strength, ductility, and resistance to wear and corrosion. Commonly used steel grades in forging include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel.

2. Heating

The selected steel is heated to a high temperature, typically between 950°C and 1250°C (1742°F and 2282°F), although the exact temperature depends on the type of steel and the specific forging process being used. Heating the steel makes it more pliable and easier to deform. This step is crucial for hot forging, while warm forging and cold forging require different temperature ranges.

3. Forging

Once the steel is at the appropriate temperature, it is forged using one of several techniques:

Hammer Forging (Drop Forging): The steel is placed on an anvil and struck repeatedly with a hammer, either manually or mechanically. This method is effective for creating a wide variety of shapes with good precision.
Press Forging: The steel is compressed between two dies using a hydraulic or mechanical press, applying pressure gradually rather than through successive impacts. Press forging allows for better control over the deformation process and is suitable for large-scale production.
Rolled Forging: The heated steel is passed through two rolls that decrease its thickness and increase its length. Rolled forging is commonly used for producing long, cylindrical shapes like shafts.

4. Shaping

During the forging process, the steel’s internal grain structure deforms to conform to the shape of the part. This alignment enhances the mechanical properties of the steel, such as strength and toughness. The steel can be shaped into nearly any form, from simple flat sheets to complex geometrical components.

5. Trimming

Excess material, known as flash, is often produced during the forging process, especially in die forging. This excess material is trimmed off while the steel is still hot or after it cools down, depending on the specific process and material properties required.

6. Heat Treatment

After forging, the steel components may undergo various heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering. These treatments are used to adjust the steel’s properties, such as increasing hardness, improving ductility, or relieving internal stresses induced during forging.

7. Finishing

The last step involves finishing the forged steel component to achieve the desired surface finish and dimensional accuracy. This may include machining, grinding, and polishing, depending on the application requirements.

8. Inspection and Testing

Finally, the forged steel components are inspected and tested to ensure they meet the required specifications and quality standards. This can involve dimensional checks, visual inspection, and various non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic or magnetic particle inspection.

Upon completion of the process, the resulting products possess remarkable strength, impact toughness, and resistance to wear. This is attributed to the metallurgical changes, specifically recrystallization and grain refinement, that occur due to the thermal and mechanical treatments applied during the process.

The video below shows how steel forging works:

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF FORGED STEEL

Forged steel, known for its strength and reliability, is a preferred material for many industrial applications. However, like any manufacturing process, steel forging has its set of advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these can help in making informed decisions about its use in specific applications.

Advantages Of Forged Steel

1. Superior Strength and Toughness

Forging refines the grain structure of the steel, aligning it with the shape of the product. This enhances the mechanical properties of the steel, making forged parts stronger and more resistant to impact and fatigue compared to cast or machined parts.

2. Improved Reliability

The forging process produces parts with consistent material properties and without internal voids, cracks, or other defects that could weaken the part. This uniformity ensures high reliability and performance, especially in critical applications.

3. Reduced Material Waste

Modern forging techniques are highly efficient, often resulting in less material waste compared to other manufacturing processes like casting or machining. This efficiency can lead to cost savings, especially in high-volume production.

4. Versatility in Materials

Steel forging can be performed with a wide range of alloys, allowing for the production of parts with specific properties tailored to the application, including high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance.

5. Cost-Effective for Large Production Runs

Although the initial setup and tooling costs can be high, forging can be more cost-effective than other processes for large production runs due to its material efficiency and the reduced need for secondary processing.

Disadvantages Of Forged Steel

1. Higher Initial Costs

The initial costs for setup and tooling in forging can be significant, especially for complex shapes. This can make forging less economical for small production runs compared to other manufacturing processes.

2. Limitations on Shape Complexity

While forging can produce a wide range of shapes, extremely complex or intricate designs may be challenging to achieve through forging alone and might require additional machining or processing.

3. Size Limitations

The size of forgings is generally limited by the capacity of the forging equipment. Very large components might be difficult or impractical to forge and may require alternative manufacturing methods.

4. Need for Secondary Processing

Depending on the application’s requirements, forged parts may require secondary processes such as machining, heat treatment, or surface finishing to achieve the desired dimensions, properties, or surface quality.

5. Energy Intensive

The forging process, particularly hot forging, requires significant amounts of energy to heat the metal, which can impact the overall environmental footprint of the manufacturing process

TYPES OF STEEL FORGING PROCESSES

Steel forging processes vary in technique and application, each suited to different manufacturing requirements and objectives. These processes are categorized mainly based on the temperature at which the steel is forged (cold, warm, or hot forging) and the method of applying force (hammer or press forging). Here’s a closer look at the primary types of steel forging processes:

1. Hot Forging

Description: Performed at temperatures typically between 950°C and 1250°C (1742°F to 2282°F), hot forging allows the steel to be shaped easily, as the high temperature increases its plasticity and reduces resistance to deformation.
Advantages: Enables the forging of complex shapes with less force and energy; reduces strain hardening during the process.
Applications: Used for parts that require high strength and toughness, such as automotive components, construction equipment, and machinery parts.

2. Cold Forging

Description: This process is carried out at or near room temperature, offering a cleaner finish and stronger products due to strain hardening.
Advantages: Produces parts with excellent surface finish and dimensional accuracy; increases the strength of the steel through work hardening.
Applications: Suitable for smaller products with simpler shapes, like fasteners, screws, and bolts, where high precision and strength are required.

3. Warm Forging

Description: Warm forging is conducted at temperatures ranging from 650°C to 950°C (1202°F to 1742°F), serving as a middle ground between hot and cold forging.
Advantages: Balances the benefits of hot and cold forging, allowing for reduced force compared to cold forging and better dimensional accuracy than hot forging.
Applications: Often used for medium-complexity parts where a balance between strength, precision, and cost is needed.

4. Open-Die Forging

Description: In open-die forging, the steel is worked between two flat or simply contoured dies that do not enclose the workpiece, allowing the material to flow outward as it is forged.
Advantages: Highly versatile, capable of producing very large parts, and allows for the adjustment of the workpiece during forging.
Applications: Ideal for large, simple shapes such as shafts, bars, beams, and plates.

Open die forging involves shaping metal by pressing or hammering it between two dies that don’t entirely enclose the material. The piece of metal is worked upon through successive movements of the dies, which apply force to mold the metal into the desired shape. This technique is demonstrated in the action showcased in the video below:

5. Closed-Die Forging (Impression-Die Forging)

Description: Steel is compressed between two or more dies that contain a precut profile of the desired part, resulting in a more precise and complex shape.
Advantages: Produces parts with close tolerances and minimal waste; suitable for high-volume production.
Applications: Widely used for automotive, aerospace, and industrial components that require detailed features and high strength.

Closed-die forging is a process where the dies close in on the workpiece, either completely enclosing it or partially. The process begins by placing a piece of heated raw material, roughly shaped or sized to match the final product, into the lower die. This process is demonstrated in the following video:

6. Seamless Rolled Ring Forging

Description: This process involves piercing a hole in a thick, round piece of metal to create a donut shape, which is then rolled and stretched to produce a seamless ring.
Advantages: Efficiently produces rings with excellent structural integrity and homogeneous characteristics.
Applications: Commonly used for bearings, flanges, gear rings, and wind turbine components.

Difference Between Open-Die & Close-Die Forging

Open-die and closed-die forging are two fundamental processes used in metalworking to shape metal, especially steel, into desired forms through the application of force. While both processes serve the purpose of forging, they differ significantly in their methodologies, applications, and the types of products they produce. Understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the appropriate forging process for a specific application.

Open-Die Forging Key Features

Versatility in Shape and Size: Suitable for large or uniquely shaped components that cannot be forged in closed dies.
Flexibility in Production: Ideal for low-volume production or one-off items due to the adaptability of the process.
Less Precise Dimensions: The final products may require further machining to achieve the desired dimensions and tolerances.
Greater Material Handling: Larger workpieces can be accommodated, which is beneficial for creating large industrial components.

Open-Die Forging Applications

Large industrial parts like shafts, beams, and simple shapes that require significant material deformation but not intricate details or precise dimensions.

Close-Die Forging Key Features

High Precision and Detail: Produces parts with close tolerances and complex geometries without the need for significant post-forging machining.
Efficiency in High-Volume Production: More suitable for mass production of parts due to the repeatability and speed of the process.
Limited to Smaller Sizes: Generally used for smaller components due to the constraints of the die sizes and press capacities.
Reduced Material Waste: The process is designed to closely approximate the final part shape, minimizing excess material.

Close-Die Forging Applications

Automotive, aerospace, and hardware components that require precise dimensions, complex shapes, and high strength, such as gears, levers, and fasteners.

Conclusion

The choice between open-die and closed-die forging depends on the specific requirements of the project, including the size and complexity of the parts, the precision needed, the volume of production, and cost considerations. Open-die forging is favored for its flexibility and capability to produce large parts, whereas closed-die forging is preferred for its efficiency and ability to produce parts with complex shapes and tight tolerances.

May 23, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

HOW TO ORDER A VALVE

Learn about the different types of valves used in the oil and gas industry: API and ASME gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly designs (manual or actuated, with forged and cast bodies). Valves are mechanical devices used in piping applications to control, regulate and open/close the fluid’ s flow and pressure. Forged valves are used for small bore or high-pressure piping applications, cast valves for piping systems above 2 inches.

WHAT ARE VALVES?

INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS VALVES

Valves play a crucial role in the oil and gas industry, serving as the gatekeepers for controlling the flow of fluids through pipelines and equipment. These mechanical devices can open, close, or partially obstruct pathways to manage the movement of oil, gas, and sometimes water or other fluids, ensuring safe and efficient operation of extraction, processing, transportation, and storage systems.

Petrochemical Valves

Let’s delve into the importance, types, and applications of valves in the oil and gas sector, offering a comprehensive overview for readers interested in the pivotal role these components play in our energy infrastructure.

Functions Of Valves In Oil And Gas

Valves are indispensable for the oil and gas industry due to their ability to:

Control the Flow: Regulate the rate of flow of oil and gas in pipelines, ensuring optimal operation conditions (start/stop/modulate/change the direction of the flow)
Maintain the Pressure: Keep the pressure within pipelines and systems at safe levels to prevent accidents and ensure the integrity of the system.
Ensure Safety: Act as safety devices that can shut off flow in emergency situations, preventing leaks, spills, and catastrophic failures.
Allow operational Flexibility: Allow for the maintenance of parts of the system without shutting down the entire operation, providing operational flexibility and minimizing downtime.

Petrochemical valves

(Source: Spirax Sarco)

ypes Of Valves In Oil And Gas

The oil and gas industry uses a wide variety of valves, each designed for specific functions, pressure ranges, and fluid types. Some of the most common include:

Gate Valves: Used for on/off control of fluid flow, offering minimal restriction when fully open.
Globe Valves: Ideal for regulating flow or pressures as well as starting or stopping flow due to their precise throttling capabilities.
Ball Valves: Known for their quick shut-off capabilities, providing a tight seal with a quarter-turn motion, suitable for both on/off and throttling services.
Butterfly Valves: Feature a disc that rotates to open or close the flow path. They are compact and suitable for large-diameter pipes, offering quick operation and low-pressure drop.
Check Valves: Allow fluid to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow that could damage equipment or disrupt the process.
Safety Valves: Automatically release pressure when it exceeds set limits to protect equipment and ensure safe operations.
To explore these valve types in greater detail, our site hosts specialized articles for each category. Follow the links mentioned above to gain a more comprehensive understanding of each specific valve type, if you wish to broaden your expertise.

Applications Of Valves In Oil And Gas

Valves are used throughout the oil and gas supply chain, from upstream exploration and production to downstream refining, distribution, and storage:
- Upstream Operations: In drilling rigs, production wells, and offshore platforms, valves control the flow of oil and gas from reservoirs to the surface and manage injection processes for enhanced recovery.
- Midstream Infrastructure: Valves are used in pipelines, pumping stations, and compressor stations to transport oil and gas across long distances, ensuring that flow and pressure levels are maintained.
- Downstream Processing: In refineries and petrochemical plants, valves manage the flow of crude oil into various processes for separation, conversion, and treatment to produce fuels and chemicals.
- Storage and Distribution: Valves are essential in tank farms and terminals for controlling the storage and loading of oil, gas, and finished products for distribution.
A valve is manufactured by assembling multiple mechanical parts, the key ones being the body (the outer shell), the trim (the combination of the replaceable wetted parts), the stem, the bonnet, and an actioning mechanism (manual lever, gear, or actuator).

Valves with small bore sizes (generally 2 inches) or that require high resistance to pressure and temperature are manufactured with forged steel bodies; commercial valves above 2 inches in diameter feature cast body materials.

The valve market is rather huge in terms of revenues and number of dedicated workers: it was worth approximately 40 billion USD per year in 2018. The major manufacturers of oil & gas valves are located in the US, Europe (Italy, Germany, France, and Spain), Japan, South Korea, and China.

In conclusion, valves are fundamental to the safe, efficient, and effective operation of the oil and gas industry, ensuring that energy resources are extracted, processed, transported, and stored with precision and care. Their variety and adaptability make them indispensable tools in the complex systems that fuel the modern world.
VALVE TYPES

Valves used in the oil and gas industry and for piping applications can be classified in multiple ways:

BY DISC TYPE (LINEAR, ROTARY, QUARTER TURN)

In the diverse world of valves, categorizing them by their operational mechanics—specifically, how they move to regulate flow via the disc —provides insight into their suitability for different applications in industries like oil and gas, water treatment, and chemical processing.

Let’s explore the distinctions between linear motion valves, rotary motion valves, and quarter-turn valves to understand their functionalities, advantages, and typical uses.

Linear Motion Valves

Linear motion valves operate by moving a closure element in a straight line to control the flow of fluid. This category includes:
- Gate Valves: Utilize a flat gate that moves vertically to the flow, providing a straight-through pathway when open and a secure seal when closed.
- Globe Valves: Feature a plug that moves up and down against the flow, offering precise flow regulation and the capability to stop flow entirely.
- Diaphragm Valves: Employ a flexible diaphragm that moves up and down to permit or restrict flow.
Advantages:
- Precise control of flow and pressure.
- Suitable for on/off and throttling applications, particularly where flow rate control is essential.
Typical Uses:
Situations requiring tight shut-offs and flow regulation, such as in water treatment plants and in the control of gas or steam.

Rotary Motion Valves

Rotary motion valves rotate a disc or ellipse about an axis to control fluid flow. This group encompasses:
- Ball Valves: Contain a ball with a hole through it, which rotates 90 degrees to open or close the flow path.
- Butterfly Valves: Have a disc mounted on a rod, which rotates to allow or block flow.
Advantages:
- Compact and lightweight design.
- Quick operation with low torque requirements.
- Generally lower in cost than linear motion valves for the same size and rating.
Typical Uses:
Broadly used in applications requiring rapid operation and space-saving solutions, such as in the chemical industry and for water distribution systems.

Quarter-Turn Valves

Quarter-turn valves are a subset of rotary motion valves that operate with a simple 90-degree turn of the handle or actuator to go from fully open to fully closed positions, or vice versa. This category includes Ball Valves and Butterfly Valves, as mentioned above, due to their quarter-turn operation.

Advantages:
- Speed and ease of operation.
- Effective shut-off capabilities, making them ideal for both isolating and control applications.
- Versatility in handling a wide range of media, pressures, and temperatures.
Typical Uses:
Extensively used across various sectors, including oil and gas for pipeline flow control, in manufacturing processes, and in HVAC systems for controlling water flow and temperature.

In summary, the choice between linear motion, rotary motion, and quarter-turn valves depends on specific application requirements such as the need for precise flow control, space constraints, and operational efficiency. Linear motion valves excel in providing precise control and tight shut-off, rotary motion valves offer compact and quick solutions, and quarter-turn valves bring the best of rotary action in terms of speed and simplicity, making them versatile for a wide array of applications.

Oil & Gas Valve Types	Linear motion valves	Rotary motion valves	Quarter turn valves
Gate valve	X
Globe valve	X
Check valve		X
Lift check valve	X
Tilting-disc check valve		X
Stop check valve	X	X
Ball valve		X	X
Pinch valve	X
Butterfly valve		X	X
Plug valve		X	X
Diaphragm valve	X
Safety Valve / Pressure Relief Valve	X

VALVES BY BODY MATERIAL (CAST, FORGED)

The distinction between cast and forged valves lies in their manufacturing processes, which fundamentally affect their physical characteristics, performance, and applications.

As a general rule, cast bodies are used for valves above 2 inches in bore size, whereas forged bodies are used for valves below 2 inches (or preferred to cast valves, regardless of the pipeline bore size, in mission-critical applications).

Both types of valves play critical roles in controlling the flow of liquids and gases in various industries, including oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment.

Understanding the differences between cast and forged valves is essential for selecting the right valve for a specific application, ensuring optimal performance, durability, and safety.

Cast Valves

Manufacturing Process

Cast valves are made by pouring molten metal into pre-shaped molds where it solidifies into the desired valve shape. The casting process can be done through various methods, including sand casting, investment casting, and die casting, each with its own set of characteristics regarding surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and intricacies of design.

Characteristics
- Versatility in Design: Casting allows for complex shapes and sizes, making it possible to produce valves with intricate internal geometries that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through forging.
- Material Variety: A wide range of materials can be cast, including various types of steel, iron, and non-ferrous alloys, offering flexibility in material selection based on the application requirements.
- Cost-Effectiveness for Complex Shapes: For complex shapes and larger sizes, casting can be more cost-effective than forging, especially for low to medium-volume production.
Limitations
- Potential for Defects: The casting process can introduce internal defects such as porosity, shrinkage cavities, and inclusions, which can affect the mechanical properties and integrity of the valve.
- Variability in Quality: Cast valves can exhibit variability in quality and material properties across different batches due to the nature of the casting process.
Forged Valves

Manufacturing Process:
Forged valves are created through the process of forging, where a piece of metal is heated and then deformed and shaped into the desired form using high pressure. Forging can be performed using various techniques, including open-die forging, closed-die forging, and ring rolling, depending on the desired final shape and characteristics.

Characteristics
- Strength and Durability: Forging produces valves with superior strength, ductility, and resistance to impact and fatigue compared to casting. The forging process aligns the grain structure of the metal with the shape of the valve, enhancing its mechanical properties.
- Consistency in Quality: Forged valves generally offer more uniformity and consistency in material properties, with fewer internal defects than cast valves.
- High Performance in Critical Applications: Due to their strength and reliability, forged valves are preferred in high-pressure, high-temperature, and other critical applications where safety and performance are paramount.
Limitations
- Design Limitations: Forging cannot achieve the same level of complexity and intricate internal features that casting can, especially for large or very complex valve designs.
- Cost Considerations: For high-volume production of simple shapes, forging can be cost-effective. However, for complex shapes or lower volumes, the cost may be higher than casting, particularly for large-sized valves.
In summary, the choice between cast and forged valves depends on the specific requirements of the application, including mechanical strength, pressure and temperature conditions, desired material properties, design complexity, and cost considerations. Forged valves are typically favored in high-stress, high-performance applications due to their superior strength and reliability, while cast valves offer greater design flexibility and cost-effectiveness for complex shapes and large sizes.
To learn more about the difference between steel casting and forging please refer to the linked article.
VALVES BY TYPE OF ACTUATION (MANUAL, ACTUATED)

Valves can also be categorized based on their method of operation into manually operated valves and actuated valves. Understanding the differences between these two types is crucial for selecting the appropriate valve for a specific application, considering factors like ease of operation, control precision, and the necessity for automation.

Manually Operated Valves

Characteristics
- Operation: Manually operated valves require physical effort by an operator to change their position, using handwheels, levers, or gears. The manual input directly controls the opening, closing, or throttling of the valve.
- Design Simplicity: These valves are simpler in design as they do not require additional equipment for operation, making them straightforward to install and maintain.
- Cost-effectiveness: Without the need for external power sources or automation equipment, manually operated valves are generally more cost-effective than their actuated counterparts.
- Reliability: With fewer components that could fail, manually operated valves are highly reliable and suitable for applications where valve adjustments are infrequent or where direct manual control is preferred.
Limitations
- Labor Intensive: For systems requiring frequent adjustments or in situations where valves are not easily accessible, manual operation can be labor-intensive and time-consuming.
- Lack of Remote Control: Manual valves cannot be operated remotely, limiting their use in large, complex systems or in hazardous environments where remote operation is necessary for safety.
Actuated Valves

Characteristics
- Operation: Actuated valves are equipped with an actuator that allows valve operation (open, close, or modulate) through electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic power. Actuators can be controlled remotely, allowing for automation and integration into control systems.
- Automation and Precision: With the ability to be controlled by various signals (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic), actuated valves offer precise control over flow and pressure, enabling more efficient operation of the system.
- Flexibility and Safety: Remote operation capabilities allow actuated valves to be used in inaccessible, hazardous, or harsh environments, improving safety and operational flexibility.
- Adaptability: They can be integrated into automated control loops, responding to sensor inputs to adjust flow conditions automatically, which is essential for optimizing processes and ensuring safety in dynamic conditions.
Limitations
- Complexity and Cost: Actuated valves require additional components (actuators, power sources, control systems) making them more complex and expensive to install and maintain compared to manually operated valves.
- Power Requirement: Dependence on an external power source (electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic) for operation can be a limitation in environments where such resources are limited or unavailable.
In summary, the choice between manually operated and actuated valves depends on several factors, including the need for automation, the operational environment, safety considerations, and cost. Manually operated valves are suitable for simpler, cost-sensitive applications where direct control and infrequent adjustments are sufficient. In contrast, actuated valves are ideal for complex systems requiring precise, remote, or automated control to enhance efficiency, safety, and operational flexibility.
VALVE BY DESIGN

Regarding their design, valves can be categorized in the following manner (it’s worth noting that our site features detailed articles on each type, so the descriptions provided here are intended to be broadly overviewed):

GATE VALVE

Gate valves are the most used type in piping and pipeline applications. Gate valves are linear motion devices used to open and close the flow of the fluid (shutoff valve). Gate valves cannot be used for throttling applications, i.e. to regulate the flow of the fluid (globe or ball valves should be used in this case). A gate valve is, therefore, either fully opened or closed (by manual wheels, gears, or electric, pneumatic and hydraulic actuators)

GLOBE VALVE

Globe valves are used to throttle (regulate) the fluid flow. Globe valves can also shut off the flow, but for this function, gate valves are preferred. A globe valve creates a pressure drop in the pipeline, as the fluid has to pass through a non-linear passageway.

CHECK VALVE

Check valves are used to avoid backflow in the piping system or the pipeline that could damage downstream apparatus such as pumps, compressors, etc. When the fluid has enough pressure, it opens the valve; when it comes back (reverse flow) at a design pressure, it closes the valve – preventing unwanted flows.

BALL VALVE

A Ball valve is a quarter-turn valve used for shut-off application. The valve opens and closes the flow of the fluid via a built-in ball, that rotates inside the valve body. Ball valves are industry standard for on-off applications and are lighter and more compact than gate valves, which serve similar purposes. The two main designs are floating and trunnion (side or top entry)

BUTTERFLY VALVE

Butterfly valves are versatile, cost-effective, valves to modulate or open/close the flow of the fluid. Butterfly valves are available in concentric or eccentric designs (double/triple), have a compact shape, and are becoming more and more competitive vs. ball valves, due to their simpler construction and cost.

PINCH VALVE

This is a type of linear motion valve that can be used for throttling and shut-off applications in piping applications that handle solid materials, slurries, and dense fluids. A pinch valve features a pinch tube to regulate the flow.

PLUG VALVE

Plug valves are classified as quarter-turn valves for shut-off applications. The first plug valves were introduced by the Romans to control water pipelines.

SAFETY VALVE

A safety valve is used to protect a piping arrangement from dangerous overpressures that may threaten human life or other assets. Essentially, a safety valve releases the pressure as a set value is exceeded.

CONTROL VALVE

Control valves are automated devices that are used to control and regulate the flow in complex systems and plants. More details about this type of valves are given below.

Y-STRAINERS

while not properly a valve, Y-strainers have the important function of filtering debris and protecting downstream equipment that may be otherwise damaged

VALVE SIZES (ASME B16.10)

To make sure that valves of different manufacturers are interchangeable, the face-to-face dimensions (i.e. the distance in mm or inches between the inlet and the outlet of the valve) of the key types of valves have been standardized by the ASME B16.10 specification.

ASME B16.34: VALVE COMPLIANCE

The ASME B16.34 standard, issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), is a pivotal guideline that specifies the requirements for the design, material selection, manufacturing, inspection, testing, and marking of flanged, threaded, and welding end steel valves for application in pressure systems.

ASME B16.34 is also mentioned in the more general ASME spec ASME B31.1, “Power Piping Design”.

This standard is critical for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of valves used in various industrial sectors, including oil and gas, chemical, power generation, and water treatment, among others.

Understanding the ASME B16.34 standard is essential for engineers, manufacturers, and end-users involved in the selection and application of valves.

Key Aspects Of ASME B16.34
1. Valve Design and Construction:
  ASME B16.34 sets forth the criteria for the design of valves, including dimensions, pressure-temperature ratings, and other factors essential for ensuring that valves can operate safely under specified conditions. It covers a range of valve types, such as gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly valves.
2. Pressure-Temperature Ratings:
  One of the most critical aspects covered by ASME B16.34 is the pressure-temperature rating of valves, which defines the maximum allowable working pressure for a valve at a given temperature. These ratings ensure that valves are selected and used within their safe operating limits.
3. Material Specifications:
  The standard provides detailed specifications for the materials used in valve construction, including requirements for body, bonnet, trim, and gasket materials. These specifications ensure compatibility with the fluid being handled and the operating environment, contributing to the valve’s integrity and longevity.
4. Testing and Inspection:
  ASME B16.34 outlines the requirements for testing and inspecting valves to verify their integrity and performance. This includes tests for shell strength, seat tightness, and backseat effectiveness, among others, which are crucial for ensuring that valves meet stringent safety and reliability standards.
5. Marking and Documentation:
  The standard specifies the marking requirements for valves, which include the manufacturer’s identification, pressure-temperature rating, material designation, and other relevant information. These markings provide essential information for the identification, traceability, and selection of valves.
Importance Of ASME B16.34 In Valve Selection

Adherence to the ASME B16.34 standard is crucial for ensuring that valves perform safely and effectively in their intended applications. Engineers and procurement specialists rely on this standard to select valves that meet the necessary performance criteria, including compatibility with the process medium, operating pressures and temperatures, and durability requirements.

Compliance with ASME B16.34 is also often a regulatory requirement in many industries, making it a key consideration in the procurement and installation of valves in critical applications.
Valve Compliance To ASME B16.34

A valve complies with ASME B16.34 when the following conditions are met:
- The valve body & shell materials comply with ASME and ASTM material standards for chemistry and strength
- Body & shell materials are heat-treated to ensure proper grain structure, corrosion resistance, and hardness.
- Wall thicknesses of the body and other pressure-containing components meet ASME B16.34 specified minimum values for each pressure class.
- NPT and SW end connections comply with ASME B1.20.1 or ASME B16.11.
- Stems are internally loaded and blowout-proof.
- All bolting will be ASTM grade with maximum applied stress controlled by B16.34.
- Each valve is shell tested at 1,5x rated pressure for a specific test time duration.
- Each valve is tested for seat leakage in both directions for a specific test time duration.
- Each valve is permanently tagged with materials of construction, operating limits, and the name of the manufacturer.
In conclusion, ASME B16.34 plays a fundamental role in the design, selection, and application of valves in pressure systems. It provides a comprehensive framework for ensuring that valves are safe, reliable, and suitable for their intended use, supporting the operational integrity of industrial processes across various sectors.

HOW TO ORDER A VALVE

Manufacturers of valves used in the oil and gas industry need to know the following information to supply the right device:

Valve type
Bore size in NPS or DN
Valve pressure rating (class range from 150# to 4500#)
Specification (example API 6D, API 600, API 602, etc)
Body and trim materials (at least)
Required end connection (flanged, threaded, butt weld, lug and others)
Fluid in the pipeline (>oil, gas, water, steam, solids)
Working temperature and pressure
Quantity
Delivery time
Origin restrictions (Chinese and Indian origins allowed or not)

EXAMPLE HOW TO ORDER OIL & GAS GATE, GLOBE, CHECK VALVES

Each manufacturer has own valves ordering sheets that map the valve configuration parameters that user has to consider:

GS – F – 6″ / 150 – 316 – B

1 2 3 4 5

1. Valve type

2. End type

3. Size / Class

4. Body Material

5. Options

C: Check Valve
CL: Lift Check Valve
CS: Check pressure Sealed Valve
CW: Swing Check Valve
G: Gate Valve
GG: Forged Gate Valve
GL: Light Type Gate Valve (API 603)
GS: Gate Pressure Sealed Valve
O: Globe Valve
OB: Globe Bellowed Sealed Valve
OS: Globe Pressure Sealed Valve
Y: Y-strainer

F: Flanged End
T: Threaded End
W: Butt Weld End
S: Socket Weld End

Size: NPS 1/2 – 80″

ANSI Standard:
150: 150 LB Class
300: 300 LB Class
600: 600 LB Class
1500: 1500 LB Class

DIN Standard：

PN16
PN25
PN40

JIS Standard：

10K: JIS 10K
20K: JIS 20K

GG: Forged Gate Valve
316: Casting S.S CF8M
304: Casting S.S CF8
F316: Forgings S.S F316
F304: Forgings S.S F304
WCB: Steel WCB
LCB: Steel LCB
HB: Hastelloy B
IN: Inconel

B: By-Pass
G: Gear Operator
D: Drains

May 23, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

ASTM Materials for Valves: ASTM A216, A351, A352, A105, and A182 (Cast & Forged Grades)

Discover the essential AsTM material standards for valves., Valves larger than 2 inches typically have cast valve bodies, created by casting molten metals into molds, Forged valve bodies, suitable for smaller or high-pressure valves, are made by shaping and machining solid steel. The principal material specifications for cast steel valve bodies include ASTM A216 (WCA, WCB, WCC forstandard conditions, ASTM A352 LCB/LCC for low temperatures, and ASTM A351 CF8/CF8M for stainless steel valves. For forged valve bodies, the relevant ASTM standards are A105, A350, and A182.

CAST STEEL VALVES(ASTM GRADES)

DEFINITION OF CAST VALVE

Cast valves are valves whose bodies have been formed by pouring molten metal into a mold where it solidifies into the desired shape. This casting process allows for the creation of complex shapes and sizes, making it possible to produce valve bodies with intricate internal geometries that would be challenging or impossible to achieve through forging or machining alone. Cast valves are widely used across various industries due to their versatility in design, the ability to work with a wide range of materials, and their cost-effectiveness for producing large or complex valves, They are suitable for numerous applications, handling everything from water and steam to chemicals and gas, depending on the material used in the casting process Therefore, cast valves are characterized by a body made through casting, whereas forged valves possess a body created by forging. Essentially, the difference between cast and forged valves lies in the method used to construct the valve body material.specifically whether it involves steel forging or casting.
Let’s now delve into the most common cast valve body materials according to ASTM

ASTM A216 WCA, WCB, WCC (CARBON STEEL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE)

ASTM A216 is a specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (AsTM) that covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service. The standard is divided into three grades: WCA, WCB, and WCC, with WCB being the most commonly used grade.
These 3 grades covered by the AsTM A216 specification differ mainly in their mechanical properties and temperature capabilities:

WCA is the grade with the lowest strength and temperature tolerance.
WCB is the intermediate grade, offering a good balance of strength and ductility across a wide range of temperatures.
WCC has higher strength and impact properties at low temperatures compared to WCB.
ASTM A216 specifies the chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, and testing requirements to ensure the material’s quality and durability under high-temperature condition This standard is commonly applied in the manufacturing of components for industrial boilers, pressure vessels, and other equipment where robust performance at elevated temperatures is required.
The ASTM A216 specification applies to cast valves that match carbon steel pipes in grades A53, A106, and API 5L.
ASTM A216 steel castings shall be heat treated and can be manufactured in annealed, normalized, or normalized tempered conditions.The surface of steel castings shall be free of adhering elements such as sand, cracks, hot tears, and other defects.

Notes:
1., for each reduction of 0.019% below the specified maximum Carbon content, an increase of 0.04% of manganese above the specified maximum is allowed up to a maximum of 1.10%.
2. For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum Carbon content, an increase of 0.0496 Mn above the specified maximum is allowed up to a maximum of 1.28%.
3. For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum Carbon content, an increase of 0.04% of manganese above the specified maximum is allowed to a maximum of 1.40%.

ASTM A352 LCB/LCC (CARBON STEEL FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE)
ASTM A352 is an ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials standard specification that covers steel castings for valves,flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for low-temperature service. The standard includes several grades of carbon and alloy steel castings that vary in their mechanical properties and chemical compositions to suit different environmental conditions and temperature ranges.
The grades under ASTM A352 are designed to perform reliably in environments where temperatures may fall below freezing, making them suitable for applications in cold climates or in processes requiring cryogenic temperatures.

Key grades within this specification include:
LCB: A grade of carbon steel castings suitable for low-temperature applications where temperatures can go as low as-46°C (-50°F).
LCC: Similar to LcB but with improved impact strength at lower temperatures, making it suitable for even more demanding
low-temperature environments.
LCl, LC2, LC3, LC4: These are alloy steel grades within AsTM A352, each designed for specific low-temperature ranges and applications, with Lc3, for example, being nickel steel castings intended for service down to -01’C -150°F).

Each grade specified in ASTM A352 has defined requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation), and toughness to ensure the castings perform adequately under the specified service conditions, The standard also outlines requirements for heat treatment, quality, and test methods to verify the properties of the castings.
ASTM A352 is widely used in the oil and gas industry, petrochemical plants, and other applications where materials are exposed to low temperatures and require a high level of toughness to prevent brittle fracture.
The ASTM A352 specification applies to cast valves that match carbon steel pipes for low-temperature applications in grades A333.
Chemical composition of A352 cast valves Gr, LCA/LCB/Lcc (valve material chart)

valve material chart

ASTM A351 CF8/CF8M (STAINLESS STEEL FOR HIGH-TEMP. & CORROSIVE SERVICE)

ASTM A351 is a standard specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers castings of austenitic steel for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts. This specification is particularly focused on stainless steel castings that are intended for high-temperature service. The ASTM A351 standard includes several grades, each with specific chemical compositions and mechanical properties to suit different environments and applications.

Key grades under ASTM A351 include:

CF8: Equivalent to 304 stainless steel, this grade is known for its good corrosion resistance and is widely used in general applications.
CF8M: Equivalent to 316 stainless steel, CF8M offers enhanced corrosion resistance due to its molybdenum content, making it suitable for more corrosive environments such as those encountered in chemical processing.
CF3 and CF3M: These are the low-carbon versions of CF8 and CF8M, respectively, offering similar corrosion resistance but with improved weldability and reduced susceptibility to intergranular corrosion after welding or heating.

The standard specifies requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, and testing procedures to ensure the quality and performance of the castings. ASTM A351 stainless steel castings are commonly used in applications requiring good corrosion resistance at both ambient and elevated temperatures, including the chemical industry, food processing, and petrochemical operations, among others.

Any ASTM A351 cast part shall receive heat treatment followed by a quench in water or rapid cooling. The steel shall conform to the chemical and mechanical requirements set by the specification. The steel shall be made by the electric furnace process with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen decarburization.

The ASTM A351 specification applies to cast valves that match stainless steel pipes for high-temperature and corrosive applications applications in ASTM A312.

ASTM A351 stainless steel valves, chemical composition

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CF3+CF3A	J9270	0.03	1.5	2	0.04	0.04	17.0-21.0	8.0-11.0	0.5
CF8+CF8A	J9260	0.08	1.5	2	0.04	0.04	18.0-21.0	8.0-11.0	0.5
CF3M+CF3MA	J9280	0.03	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	17.0-21.0	9.0-13.0	2.0-3.0
CF8M	J9290	0.08	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	18.0-21.0	9.0-12.0	2.0-3.0
CF3MN	J92804	0.03	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	17.0-21.0	9.0-13.0	2.0-3.0			0.10-.20
CF8C	J92710	0.08	1.5	2	0.04	0.04	18.0-21.0	9.0-12.0	0.5	-1
CF10	J92950	0.04-0.10	1.5	2	0.04	0.04	18.0-21.0	8.0-11.0	0.5
CF10M	J92901	0.04-0.10	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	18.0-21.0	9.0-12.0	2.0-3.0
CH8	J9340	0.08	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	22.0-26.0	12.-15.0	0.5
CH10	J93401	0.04-0.10	1.5	2	0.04	0.04	22.0-26.0	12.-15.0	0.5
CH20	J93402	0.04-0.20	1.5	2	0.04	0.04	22.0-26.0	12.0-15.0	0.5
CK20	J94202	0.04-0.20	1.5	1.75	0.04	0.04	23.0-27.0	19.0-22.0	0.5
HK30	J94203	0.25-0.35	1.5	1.75	0.04	0.04	23.0-27.0	19.0-22.0	0.5
HK40	J94204	0.35-0.45	1.5	1.75	0.04	0.04	23.0-27.0	19.0-22.0	0.5
HT30	N08030	0.25-0.35	2	2.5	0.04	0.04	13.0-17.0	33.0-37.0	0.5
CF10MC		0.1	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	15.0-18.0	13.0-16.0	1.7-2.25	-2
CN7M	N0807	0.07	1.5	1.5	0.04	0.04	19.0-22.0	27.5-30.5	2.0-3.0				3.0-4.0
CN3MN	J94651	0.03	2	1	0.01	0.04	20.0-22.0	23.5-25.5	6.0-.0			0.18-.26	0.75
CE8MN		0.08	1	1.5	0.04	0.04	22.5-25.5	8.0-11.0	3.0-.5			0.10-.30
CG-6MMN	J93790	0.06	4.0-6.0	1	0.03	0.04	20.5-23.5	11.5-13.5	1.50-3.0	0.10-.30	0.10-.30	0.20-.40

Notes:

Grade CF8C shall have a Niobium content 8 times above the Carbon but not over 1.00%.

Grade CF10MC shall have a Niobium content 10 times above the Carbon but not over 1.20%.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CAST STEEL VALVES CHART

The mechanical properties of cast steel valves are critical to their performance, durability, and suitability for specific applications. These properties depend on the material specifications, such as those outlined by ASTM standards for cast steel. While the exact mechanical properties can vary depending on the specific grade of cast steel and the heat treatment it undergoes, here is an overview of the key mechanical properties typically considered for cast steel valves:

Tensile Strength

Definition: The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking.
Importance for Valves: High tensile strength is crucial for valves in high-pressure applications to prevent rupture or failure under stress.

Yield Strength

Definition: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape automatically.
Importance for Valves: Adequate yield strength ensures that the valve maintains its integrity and shape under operational pressures, contributing to its reliability and longevity.

Elongation

Definition: A measure of ductility, specifically the extent to which a material can be stretched before breaking, expressed as a percentage of the original length.
Importance for Valves: Elongation indicates the valve’s ability to withstand deformation without cracking, important in handling thermal expansions and contractions.

Reduction Of Area

Definition: A measure of ductility determined by the reduction in the cross-sectional area of a material specimen after fracture compared to its original cross-sectional area.
Importance for Valves: This property helps assess the material’s toughness and resistance to catastrophic failure.

Hardness

Definition: A measure of a material’s resistance to deformation when subjected to a constant load. It’s often measured using scales such as Brinell, Rockwell, or Vickers.
Importance for Valves: Hardness affects wear resistance and durability, particularly in valves handling abrasive or corrosive fluids.

Impact Toughness

Definition: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. It is typically measured by impact tests, such as the Charpy V-notch test.
Importance for Valves: High impact toughness is essential for valves in environments where they are subjected to sudden shocks or in low-temperature applications where materials become more brittle.

Creep Strength

Definition: The resistance of a material to deformation under prolonged exposure to high stress and temperature.
Importance for Valves: Critical for valves used in high-temperature applications, ensuring they can maintain their shape and functionality over time.

The selection of a cast steel valve with the appropriate mechanical properties is essential for ensuring that the valve can withstand the operational demands of pressure, temperature, and flow media it will encounter in service. These properties are influenced by the material’s composition, the casting process, and any subsequent heat treatments, highlighting the importance of choosing the right material specification and manufacturing processes for each application.

The table summarizes the key mechanical properties of each common grade of ASTM cast steel valves:

	Minimum Steel Mechanical Properties				Modulus	Approximate
ASTM CAST GRADE	Tensile strength (psi)	Yield strength (psi min)	Elongation (at 2 inches)	Reduction of Area (%)
ASTM A216 Grade WCB	70,000	36,000	22	35	27.9	137-1 87
ASTM A352 Grade LCB	65,000	35,000	24	35	27.9	137-1 87
ASTM A217 Grade C5	90,000	60,000	18	35	27.4	241 Max.
ASTM A217 Grade WC1	65,000	35,000	24	35	29.9	215 Max.
ASTM A217 Grade WC6	70,000	40,000	20	35	29.9	215 Max.
ASTM A217 Grade WC9	70,000	40,000	20	35	29.9	241 Max.
ASTM A352 Grade LC3	65,000	40,000	24	35	27.9	137
ASTM A217 Grade C12	90,000	60,000	18	35	27.4	180-240
ASTM A351 Grade CF-8	65,000	28,000	35	–	28	140
ASTM A351 Grade CF-8M	70,000	30,000	30	–	28.3	156-170
ASTM A126 Class B	31,000	–	–	–	–	160-220
ASTM A126 Class C	41,000	–	–	–	–	160-220
ASTM A395 Type 60-45-15	60,000	45,000	15	–	23-26	143-207
ASTM A439 Type D-2B	58,000	30,000	7	–	–	148-211
ASTM B62	30,000	14,000	20	17	13.5	55-65*
ASTM B143 Alloy 1A	40,000	18,000	20	20	15	75-85*
ASTM B147 Alloy 8A	65,000	25,000	20	20	15.4	98*
ASTM B148 Alloy 9C	75,000	30,000	12 min.	12	17	150
(Weldable Grade)	65,000	32,500	25	–	23	120-170
ASTM A494 (Hastelloy B)	72,000	46,000	6	–	–	–
ASTM A494 (Hastelloy C)	72,000	46,000	4	–	–	–
Stellite No. 6	121,000	64,000	01.feb	–	30.4	–
ASTM B211 Alloy 20911-T3	44,000	36,000	15	–	10.2	95
ASTM B16 1/2 Hard	45,000	15,000	7	50	14	–
ASTM B21 Alloy 464	60,000	27,000	22	55	–	–
AISI 12L 14	79,000	71,000	16	52	–	163
ASTM A108 Grade 1018	69,000	48,000	38	62	–	143
(Suitable for ASTM A193 Grade B7 bolt material)	135,000	115,000	22	63	29.9	255
ASTM A276 Type 302	85,000	35,000	60	70	28	150
ASTM A276 Type 304	85,000	35,000	60	70	–	149
ASTM A276 Type 316	80,000	30,000	60	70	28	149
ASTM A276 Type 316L	81,000	34,000	55	–	–	146
ASTM A276 Type 410	75,000	40,000	35	70	29	155
ASTM A461 Grade 630	135,000	105,000	16	50	29	275-345
Alloy K500 (K Monel)	100,000	70,000	35	–	26	175-260
ASTM B335 (Hastelloy B)	100,000	46,000	30	–	–	–
ASTM B336 (Hastelloy C)	100,000	46,000	20	–	–	–

ASTM CAST STEEL GRADE SELECTION

Choosing the correct ASTM cast steel grade for valves involves several key considerations to ensure that the valve performs effectively and reliably under the intended service conditions. The selection process must account for factors such as the operating environment, temperature, pressure, fluid characteristics, and specific industry requirements.

Here’s a structured approach to selecting the appropriate ASTM cast steel grade for valves:

1. Assess Operating Conditions

Temperature: Determine the minimum and maximum temperatures the valve will encounter. For high-temperature applications, grades like ASTM A216 WCB are commonly used, while low-temperature services may require ASTM A352 LCB or LCC.
Pressure: Consider the pressure range within the system. Higher pressure levels demand materials with greater strength and durability.

2. Identify Fluid Characteristics

Corrosiveness: If the fluid is corrosive, select a material with high corrosion resistance, such as ASTM A351 CF8M (stainless steel).
Abrasion: For abrasive fluids, choose a grade with good wear resistance or consider additional treatments like hard facing.
Toxicity and Cleanliness Requirements: In applications like food processing or pharmaceuticals, materials must not only be resistant to corrosion but also meet strict hygiene standards.

3. Consider Mechanical and Chemical Properties

Tensile and Yield Strength: Ensure the material has adequate strength to withstand operational stresses.
Impact Toughness: For applications in colder environments, the material must possess good low-temperature toughness (e.g., ASTM A352 grades).
Chemical Composition: The alloying elements in the cast steel grade should be compatible with the fluid medium to prevent corrosion and degradation.

4. Compliance with Standards and Regulations

Ensure the selected material grade meets any relevant industry standards and regulatory requirements, such as API specifications for oil and gas applications or FDA guidelines for food contact materials.

5. Evaluate Availability and Cost

Consider the availability of the desired material grade and its cost-effectiveness for the project. While higher grades may offer superior performance, they also tend to be more expensive and may have longer lead times.

6. Consult with Experts

When in doubt, consult with material engineers or valve manufacturers. Their expertise can provide valuable insights into the most suitable material choice for your specific application.

7. Review Past Applications and Case Studies

Look into case studies or historical data from similar applications to understand the performance of different material grades in comparable environments.

By thoroughly evaluating these factors, you can make an informed decision on the most appropriate ASTM cast steel grade for your valve application. This ensures not only the reliability and safety of the valve in its intended service but also its longevity and cost-effectiveness over its operational life.

ASTM CAST STEEL GRADE RECOMMENDED SERVICE

The table shows the most common materials for cast valves and their recommended service:

MATERIAL GROUP	MATERIAL GRADE	RECOMMENDED SERVICE
High-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A216 Grade WCB	Non-corrosive fluids such as water, oil, and gases at temperatures range -20°F (-30°C) and +800°F (+425°C)
Low-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LCB	Low temperature to -50°F (-46°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
Low-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LC1	Low temperature to -75°F (-59°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
Low-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LC2	Low temperature to -100°F (-73°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
3.1/2% Nickel Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LC3	Low temperature to -150°F (-101°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
1.1/4% Chrome 1/2% Moly Steel	ASTM A217 Grade WC6	Non-corrosive fluids such as water, oil, and gases at temperatures range -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
2.1/4% Chrome	ASTM A217 Grade C9	Non-corrosive fluids such as water, oil, and gases at temperatures range -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
5% Chrome 1/2% Moly	ASTM A217 Grade C5	Mild corrosive or erosive applications and non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+649°C).
9%Chrome 1% Moly	ASTM A217 Grade C12	Mild corrosive or erosive applications and non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+649°C).
12% Chrome Steel	ASTM A487 Grade CA6NM	Corrosive application at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +900°F (+482°C).
12% Chrome	ASTM A217 Grade CA15	Corrosive application at temperatures up to +1300°F (+704°C)
Stainless steel 316	ASTM A351 Grade CF8M	Corrosive or either extremely low or high-temperature non-corrosive services between -450°F (-268°C) and +1200°F (+649°C). Above +800°F (+425°C) specify carbon content of 0.04% or greater.
Stainless steel 347	ASTM 351 Grade CF8C	Mainly for high-temperature, corrosive applications between -450°F (-268°C) and +1200°F (+649°C). Above +1000°F (+540°C) specify carbon content of 0.04% or greater.
Stainless steel 304	ASTM A351 Grade CF8	Corrosive or extremely high temperatures non-corrosive services between -450°F (-268°C) and +1200°F (+649°C). Above +800°F (+425°C) specify carbon content of 0.04% or greater.
Stainless steel 304L	ASTM A351 Grade CF3	Corrosive or non-corrosive services to +800F (+425°C).
Stainless steel 316L	ASTM A351 Grade CF3M	Corrosive or non-corrosive services to +800F (+425°C).
Alloy-20	ASTM A351 Grade CN7M	Good resistance to hot sulfuric acid to +800F (+425°C).
Monel	ASTM 743 Grade M3-35-1	Weldable grade. Good resistance to corrosion by all common organic acids and salt water. Also highly resistant to most alkaline solutions to +750°F (+400°C).
Hastelloy B	ASTM A743 Grade N-12M	Well suited for handling hydrofluoric acid at all concentrations and temperatures. Good resistance to sulphuric and phosphoric acids to +1200°F (+649°C).
Hastelloy C	ASTM A743 Grade CW-12M	Good resistance to span oxidation conditions. Good properties at high temperatures. Good resistance to sulphuric and phosphoric acids to +1200°F (+649°C).
Inconel	ASTM A743 Grade CY-40	Very good for high-temperature service. Good resistance to spangly corrosive media and atmosphere to +800°F (+425°C).
Bronze	ASTM B62	Water, oil, or gas: up to 400°F. Excellent for brine and seawater service.

We recommend purchasing the ASTM A216 specification from the ASTM website or the IHS store to get a complete understanding of this topic.

FORGED STEEL VALVES (ASTM GRADES)

DEFINITION OF FORGED VALVE

A forged valve is a type of valve whose body is made from forged steel. Forging involves heating a piece of metal until it becomes malleable and then applying force to shape it into the desired form, often using a hammer or press. This process aligns the grain structure of the metal, enhancing its strength, durability, and resistance to impact and fatigue compared to casting. Forged valves are known for their robust construction and are especially valued in applications requiring high pressure and temperature conditions. They are commonly used in the oil and gas, petrochemical, power generation, and marine industries, among others, where safety and performance are critical. The forging process allows for the production of valves with fewer defects and more consistent properties throughout the material, providing a reliable solution for controlling fluid flow under demanding operational conditions.

Forged valves feature a body obtained by forging monolithic blocks of steel.

Forged bodies are common for smaller-diameter valves (generally, below 2 inches) or for high-pressure valves that require extreme robustness and solidity (regardless of the valve bore size). Forged bodies are less prone to leakages than cast valve body materials.

The ASTM A105, ASTM A350, and ASTM A182 specifications cover materials for carbon, low-alloy, and stainless steel forged valves (the same specifications apply to other forged piping components, such as flanges for example).

ASTM A105 (CARBON STEEL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE)

ASTM A105 stands out as a critical specification for carbon steel forgings, including forged valves, in piping systems. This standard, established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), outlines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and other critical criteria for forgings used in high-temperature service. This article delves into the specifics of ASTM A105, highlighting its significance, applications, and key characteristics that make it suitable for forged valves in demanding industrial environments.

The Significance Of ASTM A105

ASTM A105 specifies the manufacturing process, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for carbon steel forgings for piping applications. It is designed for components that will operate in ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Given its robustness and versatility, ASTM A105 is widely recognized and utilized across various sectors, including oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, and more.

Key Characteristics Of ASTM A105

Chemical Composition: ASTM A105 steel is characterized by a significant amount of carbon, which enhances its strength and heat resistance, making it ideal for high-temperature environments. The standard also specifies allowable contents for manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, ensuring a balance between strength, weldability, and ductility.
Mechanical Properties: ASTM A105 forged valves are known for their high tensile strength and yield strength, enabling them to withstand internal pressures without deforming. The material also exhibits adequate elongation, ensuring it can endure stretching and bending forces during installation and operation.
Heat Treatment: The forging process followed by heat treatment enhances the material’s mechanical properties. Heat treatment processes, such as normalizing, tempering, or quenching, refine the grain structure of the steel, improving its toughness and resistance to impact and wear.
Weldability: Despite its high carbon content, ASTM A105 steel maintains good weldability under proper conditions. This allows for the fabrication of complex piping systems where components need to be securely welded together.

Applications Of ASTM A105 Forged Valves

ASTM A105 forged valves are employed in a wide array of high-pressure and high-temperature applications. Their durability and resistance to heat make them suitable for:

Oil and Gas Industry: For controlling the flow of oil, natural gas, and by-products, where pressure and temperature conditions can be extreme.
Chemical Processing: In environments handling corrosive substances and requiring reliable operation over a broad temperature range.
Power Generation: For steam and water control in boilers, turbines, and auxiliary systems where operational reliability is critical.
Water Treatment and Distribution: Where valves must withstand varying pressures and temperatures without compromising performance or safety.

Advantages Of ASTM A105 Forged Valves

Durability and Reliability: The forging process, coupled with the material properties of ASTM A105, results in valves that are highly durable and reliable under harsh operating conditions.
Safety: ASTM A105 forged valves provide a secure and leak-proof solution in high-pressure systems, reducing the risk of accidents and environmental pollution.
Cost-Effectiveness: Despite their high performance, ASTM A105 forged valves are relatively cost-effective, especially when considering their lifespan and reduced maintenance requirements.
Standardization: Compliance with ASTM A105 ensures that materials and components meet recognized industry standards, facilitating compatibility and interchangeability in piping systems.

Chemical Composition Of ASTM A105

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cu	Ni	Cr	Mo	V
A105	–	0.60	–	–	0.10	–	–	–
A105	0.35	1.05	0.035	0.040	0.35	0.40	0.40	0.30	0.12	0.08

Mechanical Properties Of ASTM A105

Property	ASTM A105	ASTM A350-LF2
Tensile Strength Min, psi	70,000	70,000-95,000
Tensile Strength Min, N/mm²	485	485-655
Yield Strength Min, psi	36,000	36,000
Yield Strength Min, N/mm²	250	250
Elongation (%)	22	22
Reduction of Area (%)	30	30
Hardness, maximum	187	15/12 ft-lbs
CVN at -50℉		20/16 joules

ASTM A350 (CARBON STEEL FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE)

ASTM A350 is a specification issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers several grades of carbon and low-alloy steel forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings, and valves intended primarily for low-temperature service and requiring notch toughness testing. These materials are suitable for use in environments where the temperature may go below -29°C (-20°F), making them ideal for applications in cold climates or processes involving cryogenic temperatures.

Key Features Of ASTM A350

Notch Toughness: One of the defining characteristics of the ASTM A350 specification is its requirement for notch toughness testing, which ensures that the material possesses adequate resilience and strength at low temperatures. This makes it especially suitable for piping systems that need to remain operational and leak-free even under freezing conditions.

Chemical Composition ASTM A350

ASTM A350 specifies strict chemical composition limits for each grade, ensuring that the steel has the desired properties for low-temperature service. The composition affects the steel’s weldability, toughness, and resistance to corrosion and wear.

C%	Mn%	Si%	S%	P%	Cr%	Ni%
A350 LF1	0.30 max	0.6/1.35	.15/.30	.040 max	.035 max	0.30 max	0.40 max
A350 LF2	0.30 max	0.6/1.35	.15/.30	.040 max	.035 max	0.30 max	0.40 max
A350 LF3	0.20 max	0.9	.20/.35	.040 max	.035 max	0.30 max	3.3/3.7

Mechanical Properties

The specification outlines minimum mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and impact values. These properties ensure that materials under this specification can withstand the pressures and stresses encountered in low-temperature environments without failing.

	ASTM A105	ASTM A350-LF2
Tensile Strength Min, psi	70,000	70,000-95,000
Tensile Strength Min, N/mm²	485	485-655
Yield Strength Min, psi	36,000	36,000
Yield Strength Min, N/mm²	250	250
Elongation (%)	22	22
Reduction of Area (%)	30	30
Hardness, maximum	187	15/12 ft-lbs
CVN at -50℉		20/16 joules

Grades Within ASTM A350

ASTM A350 includes several grades, with LF2 and LF3 being among the most commonly used for valve manufacturing. Here’s a brief overview:

LF1, LF2, LF3: These are low-alloy steels with varying nickel content, designed for different minimum temperature services. LF2 is particularly popular for general low-temperature service, providing a good balance of toughness and strength.
LF6: Classified under several classes, LF6 is intended for low-temperature applications requiring corrosion resistance.
LF9: A grade with a higher alloy content, offering improved strength and toughness.
LF787: A more recent addition, providing enhanced toughness and weldability.

Applications Of ASTM A350 Forged Valves

ASTM A350 forged valves are widely used in industries where low-temperature performance and notch toughness are critical. These include:

Oil and Gas: Especially in areas with cold climates or offshore platforms where temperatures can drop significantly.
Chemical Processing: In processes involving cryogenic substances or where chemical reactions require low temperatures.
Power Generation: For systems involving liquified natural gas (LNG) or other cryogenic fluids.
Cryogenic Services: In applications involving the storage and transportation of liquified gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.

Advantages Of ASTM A350 Forged Valves

Durability in Low Temperatures: These valves maintain their strength and toughness even in extremely low temperatures, reducing the risk of cracks and failures.
Versatility: The variety of grades within the ASTM A350 specification allows for selection based on specific application requirements, such as desired mechanical properties and environmental conditions.
Safety: The notch toughness requirement ensures that the valves can handle sudden stresses and shocks without fracturing, enhancing the safety of the system.

Conclusion
ASTM A350 is a critical material specification for forged valves in low-temperature applications, offering a combination of toughness, strength, and resistance to brittle fracture. Its strict requirements ensure that materials used in valve construction are capable of performing reliably in harsh conditions, providing a safe and efficient solution for industries operating in cold environments or with cryogenic processes.

ASTM A182 (STAINLESS STEEL)

ASTM A182 is a specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.

The standard is intended for use in high-pressure and high-temperature environments, offering a wide range of alloys to suit various service conditions, including corrosive and high-temperature applications.

Key Features Of ASTM A182

Versatility: ASTM A182 includes a broad array of alloy compositions, enabling its use across numerous applications requiring high strength, durability, and resistance to harsh environments.
High-Temperature Service: The materials specified under ASTM A182 are designed to operate efficiently in high-temperature settings, making them suitable for use in the power generation, chemical processing, and oil and gas industries.
Corrosion Resistance: Many of the stainless steel and alloy grades covered by ASTM A182 offer excellent corrosion resistance, crucial for applications involving corrosive fluids or environments.

Grades Within ASTM A182

ASTM A182 specifies several grades of alloy and stainless steel. Some of the most commonly used grades include:

F304/F304L and F316/F316L: These austenitic stainless steel grades are widely used due to their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The “L” denotes a lower carbon content, which enhances corrosion resistance after welding.
F11, F22, and F91: These are low alloy steels with varying contents of Chromium and Molybdenum, providing different levels of strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for high temperatures.
F51, F53, F55: Duplex and super duplex stainless steel grades known for their high strength and excellent resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking.

Applications Of ASTM A182 Forged Valves

Valves manufactured according to ASTM A182 are found in a wide range of applications, including:

Oil and Gas: Used in both upstream and downstream processes where high strength and corrosion resistance are necessary.
Chemical Processing: For handling acidic or basic chemicals, as well as organic solvents at high temperatures.
Power Generation: In steam and water control systems within power plants, including nuclear reactors.
Marine Applications: Especially in environments where corrosion resistance is critical due to saltwater exposure.

Advantages of ASTM A182 Forged Valves

Durability: The forging process combined with high-quality alloy steel results in valves with superior strength and durability, capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures.
Corrosion Resistance: The specification includes stainless steel and alloys that offer excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive environments and media.
Customizability: With a wide variety of grades available, ASTM A182 allows for the selection of materials specifically tailored to the demands of the application, ensuring optimal performance.

Conclusion

ASTM A182 is a comprehensive specification that provides a framework for the production of high-quality forged valves suited for high-temperature and high-pressure applications. Its wide range of alloy and stainless steel grades ensures that there is a material option available for nearly any challenging industrial application, combining strength, corrosion resistance, and durability to meet the rigorous demands of modern industrial environments.

Chemical Composition ASTM A182

ASTM A182 GRADE	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Ni	Cr	Mo	Nb	Ti	Others
ASTM A182 Forged Steel Valves Materials Composition, %
F304(1)	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-11.0	18.0-20.0
F304H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-11.0	18.0-20.0
F304L(1)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-13.0	18.0-20.0
F304N(2)	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-10.5	18.0-20.0
F304LN(2)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-10.5	18.0-20.0
F309H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	12.0-15.0	22.0-24.0
F310	0.25	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	19.0-22.0	24.0-26.0
F310H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	19.0-22.0	24.0-26.0
F310MoLN	0.030	2.0	0.030	0.015	0.40	21.0-23.0	24.0-26.0	2.0-3.0			N 0.10-0.16
F316	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
F316H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
F316L(1)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-15.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
F316N(2)	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
F316LN(2)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
F316Ti	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0		(3)	N 0.10 max
F317	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-15.0	18.0-20.0	3.0-4.0
F317L	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-15.0	18.0-20.0	3.0-4.0
F321	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-12.0	17.0-19.0			(4)
F321H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-12.0	17.0-19.0			(5)
F347	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(6)
F347H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(7)
F348	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(6)		Co 0.20 Ta 0.10
F348H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(7)		Co 0.20 Ta 0.10

Notes:

Grades F304, F304L, F316, and F316L shall have a maximum Nitrogen of 0.10%.
Grades F304N, F316N, F304LN, and F316LN shall have a Nitrogen of 0.10 to 0.16%.
Grade F316Ti shall have a Titanium content five times above the Carbon plus Nitrogen and not more than 0.70%.
Grade F321 shall have a Titanium content five times above the Carbon and not more than 0.70%.
Grade F321H shall have a Titanium content four times above the Carbon and not more than 0.70%.
Grades F347 and F348 shall have a Niobium content ten times above the Carbon and not more than 1.10%.
Grades F347H and F348H shall have a Niobium content above than eight times the Carbon and not more than 1.10%.

Mechanical Properties ASTM A182

ASTM A182 Grade	Minimum Tensile Strength in MPa	Minimum Yield point in Mpa	Minimum Elongation in %	Minimum Reduction of in min, %
ASTM A182 F304	515	205	30	50
ASTM A182 F304L	485	170	30	50
ASTM A182 F316	515	205	30	50
ASTM A182 F316L	485	170	30	50
ASTM A182 F321	515	205	30	50

RECOMMENDED SERVICE FORGED STEEL VALVES

The table shows the most common materials for forged valves and their respective recommended service:

Forged Material Grade

ASTM Grade	Material Name	Recommended Service
304	19%Chrome 9%Nickel	Applications at temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
316	19%Chrome, 10%Nickel 2%Moly	Applications at temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
321	18%Chrome, 10%Nickel with Titanium	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
347	18%Chrome, 10%Nickel with Columbium	347 has good intergranular-corrosion resistance and is resistant to atmospheric conditions between temperatures of +800°F(+427°C) and +1650°F(+899°C).
400	Monel	This nickel alloy has good corrosion resistance, good weldability, and, high strength. Great mechanical properties at subzero temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
410	13%Chrome 1/2%Moly	410 is the basic martensitic stainless. It has good impact strength, corrosion, and scaling resistance up to +1200°F (+649°C).
420	13%Chrome, 1%Nickel 1/4%Moly	Full corrosion resistance only in the hardened or hardened and stress-relieved conditions. The temperature should be below +800°F (+427°C).
600	Inconel	This nickel-chromium alloy has good oxidation resistance at higher temperatures to +2000°F (+1093°C)
625	Inconel	This nickel-chromium alloy has good carburization and oxidation in high resistance at higher temperatures to +2000°F (+1093°C).
825	Incoloy	Alloy 825 has a high level of corrosion resistance in both reducing and oxidizing environments and good mechanical properties at temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
17-4PH	15-1/2%Chrome 4-1/2%Nickel	Good corrosive resistance properties at temperatures up to +600°F (+316°C).
304H	18%Chrome 9%Nickel	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
304L	19%Chrome, 10%Nickel Low Carbon	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
316H	18%Chrome, 8%Nickel with Molybdenum	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
316L	19%Chrome, 10%Nickel 2%Moly, Low Carbon	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
317L	25%Chrome, 21%Nickel 3/4%Moly	317L has superior corrosion resistance in difficult environments and can be used at temperatures between +1700°F (+927°C) to +2200°F (+1204°C).
440C	17%Chrome 3/4%Moly	This grade is used in the hard plus tempered condition. For best corrosion resistance, the tempering temperature should be below +800°F (+427°C).
800H/HT	Incoloy	This nickel-chromium alloy has good carburization and oxidation in high resistance and is normally used in temperatures above +1100°F (+593°C).
A105N	1/4% Max Carbon Steel	Non-corrosive applications include water, oil, and, gases at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +800°F (+427°C).
ALLOY 20	20%Chrome, 35%Nickel 2-1/2%Moly	Good resistance to hot sulfuric acid to +800°F (+425°C).
C276	Hastelloy	This nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of corrosive media and corrosion resistance to ambient temperatures.
F11	1-1/4%Chrome 1/2%Moly	Non-corrosive applications include water, oil, and, gases at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
F22	2-1/4%Chrome 1%Moly	Non-corrosive applications include water, oil, and, gases at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
F5	5%Chrome 1/2%Moly	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+650°C).
F51	22%Chrome, 5%Nickel 3%Moly	F51 is a super duplex stainless steel. Good Moderate to good corrosion resistance in a variety of environments. Service to +600°F (+316°C).
F53	25%Chrome, 7%Nickel 4-1/2%Moly	F53 is a super duplex stainless steel. This material has excellent corrosion resistance in a variety of environments. Service to +600°F (+316°C).
F55	25%Chrome, 7%Nickel 3-1/2%Moly	This material combines high mechanical strength and good ductility with excellent corrosion resistance in environments with temperatures up to +600°F (+316°C).
F9	9%Chrome 1%Moly	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+650°C).
F91	9%Chrome 1%Moly	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+650°C).
K500	Monel	This nickel alloy has good corrosion resistance. Monel K500 has great mechanical properties at subzero temperatures up to about +480°C.
LF2	Low-Temp Carbon Steel	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures from -50°F (-46°C) to +800°F (+427°C).
X-750	Inconel	This nickel-chromium alloy has good resistance to corrosion and oxidation along with high tensile and creep-rupture properties at temperatures up to +1300°F (+700°C).

CROSS REFERENCE CHART: ASTM CAST VS. FORGED MATERIALS

The table shows the equivalent grades for cast and forged steel valve bodies:

Material Group	Forged Grade	Equivalent Cast Grade
Carbon Steel	A181-Gr.1 A181-Gr.2
Moderate, high temp. service	A105-Gr.1 A105-Gr.2	A216-WCA WCB WCC
Cold temp. service	A350-LF1 A350-LF2	A352-LCB, LCC
Carbon -1/2 Moly Alloy Steel
High Temp Service	A182-F1	A217-WC1
Cold Temp Service		A352-LC1
1/2Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F2
1/2Cr-1/2Mo-1 Alloy Steel		A217-WC4
3/4Cr-1 Mo-3/4NI Alloy Steel		A217-WC5
1Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F12
1Cr-1 Mo-Vd Alloy Steel	A404-F24	A389-C24
1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F11	A217-WC6
1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo-Vd Alloy Steel		A389-C23
2-1/4Cr-1/2Mo-Vd Alloy Steel	A182-F22	A217-WC9
3Cr-1 Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F21
5Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F5
5Cr-1/2Mo-Si Alloy Steel		A217-Gr.C5
7Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F7
9Cr-1 Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F9	A217-Gr.C12
13Cr Alloy Steel	A182-F6	A351-CA15
Type 304 Stainless Steel
Standard	A182-F304	A351-Gr.CF8 CF8a
Low Carbon	A182-F304-L	A351-Gr.CF3 CF3a
High Temp Service	A182-F304-H	A351.Gr.CF10
Type 309 Stainless Steel
Type 310 Stainless Steel	A182-F310
Type 316 Stainless Steel
Standard	A182-F316	A351-Gr.CF8M
Low Carbon	A182-F316-L	A351-Gr.CF3M
High Temp Service	A182-F316-H	A351.Gr.CF10
Type 317 Stainless Steel		A403-WP317
Type 321 Stainless Steel
Standard	A182-F321
High Temp Service	A182-F321-H
Type 347 Stainless Steel
Standard	A182-F347
High Temp Service	A182-F347-H	A351-Gr.CF8C
Type 348 Stainless Steel
Standard	A182-F348
High Temp Service	A182-F348-H
20 Ni-8 Cr Alloy	A182-F10
2 Nickel Alloy Steel
Low Temp Service		A352-LC2

VALVE TRIM

WHAT IS VALVE TRIM?

The trim of a valve is the collective name for all the (replaceable) parts of a valve in direct contact with the fluid (“wet parts”).

The valve trim includes, generally, the disc/plug, the stem, the cage, the seat ring, the gaskets, and the packing (the trim configuration depends on the type of valve). The API 600 trim chart designates the typical combinations with a conventional number (for example, Trim 8).

API VALVE TRIM CHART

The API 600 specification designates some typical combinations of the valve trim materials with a number (API trim #1, trim #2, etc.).

The selection of the correct combination of trim materials is one of the most important decisions in specifying valves correctly.

API TRIM #	TRIM MATERIAL	SEAT	DISC/WEDGE	BACKSEAT	STEM
1	410	410	410	410	410
2	304	304	304	304	304
3	F310	310	310	310	310
4	Hard 410	Hard 410	410	410	410
5	Hard faced	Stellite	Stellite	410	410
5A	Hard faced	Ni-Cr	Ni-Cr	410	410
6	410 and Cu-Ni	Cu-Ni	Cu-Ni	410	410
7	410 and Hard 410	Hard 410	Hard 410	410	410
8	410 and Hardfaced	Stellite	410	410	410
8A	410 and Hardfaced	Ni-Cr	410	410	410
9	Monel	Monel	Monel	Monel	Monel
10	316	316	316	316	316
11	Monel	Stellite	Monel	Monel	Monel
12	316 and Hardfaced	Stellite	316	316	316
13	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20
14	Alloy 20 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20
15	304 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	304	304
16	316 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	316	316
17	347 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	347	347
18	Alloy 20 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	Alloy 20	Alloy 20

VALVE TRIM SELECTION CRITERIA

Selecting the correct valve trim is crucial for ensuring optimal performance, longevity, and safety in valve operations. The valve trim includes components that come into direct contact with the fluid flow, such as the disc, seat, stem, and sleeve. These components play key roles in regulating the flow, sealing, and overall functionality of the valve.

Here’s a guide to selecting the appropriate valve trim for your application:

1. Understand the Application Requirements

Fluid Characteristics: Identify the type of fluid (liquid, gas, corrosive, abrasive, etc.) the valve will handle. This influences the material selection to ensure compatibility and durability.
Pressure and Temperature: Consider the operating pressure and temperature ranges. The trim material must withstand these conditions without degrading.
Flow Control Needs: Determine whether the valve will be used for on/off service, throttling, or both. This affects the choice of trim design for precise flow control.

2. Select the Appropriate Material

Corrosion Resistance: For corrosive fluids, select materials like stainless steel, Hastelloy, or Monel that offer superior corrosion resistance.
Wear Resistance: In applications with abrasive fluids or high velocity, opt for hardened materials or coatings, such as Stellite, to resist wear and erosion.
Temperature Capability: Ensure the trim material can handle the minimum and maximum operating temperatures. For high temperatures, alloys with high-temperature strength and stability are required.

3. Choose the Right Trim Design

Contoured Plugs: Suitable for throttling applications requiring smooth and precise flow control.
Balanced Trim: For high-pressure applications, a balanced trim design reduces the force required to operate the valve, improving control and reducing actuator size.
Soft Seats: Use soft seat materials (such as PTFE) for applications requiring tight sealing with low torque but consider their temperature and pressure limitations.
Cage-Guided Trim: Offers stability and reduced vibration for high flow rates or applications with significant pressure drops.

4. Consider Trim Characteristics

Leakage Class: Select a trim that meets the required leakage rate for your application, as defined by standards like ANSI/FCI 70-2.
Flow Coefficient (Cv): The trim should provide an appropriate Cv value that meets the flow requirements without causing excessive noise, cavitation, or erosion.

5. Evaluate Additional Features

Noise Reduction: In applications where noise is a concern, consider trims designed to reduce noise levels, such as multi-stage or labyrinth-type trims.
Cavitation Control: For liquid services prone to cavitation, select anti-cavitation trims that can minimize or eliminate cavitation damage.

6. Review and Test

After selecting a trim, review the selection against all application requirements and, if possible, conduct tests under actual operating conditions to ensure the trim performs as expected.

API VALVE TRIM: RECOMMENDED SERVICE

TRIM	RECOMMENDED SERVICE
13% Cr, Type 410 Stainless Steel	For oil and oil vapors and general services with heat-treated seats and wedges.
13% Cr, Type 410 plus Hardfacing	Universal trim for general service requiring long service life up to 1100°F (593°C).*
Type 316 Stainless	For liquids and gases that are corrosive to 410 Stainless Steel, up to 1000°F (537°C).*
Monel	For corrosive service to 842°F (450°C) such as acids, alkalies, salt solutions, etc.
Alloy 20	For corrosive services such as hot acids -49°F to 608oF (-45°C to 320°C).
NACE	Specially treated 316 or 410 trim combined optionally with B7M Bolts and 2HM nuts to meet NACE MR-01-75 requirements.
Full Stellite	Full hard-faced trim, suitable for abrasive & severe services up to 1200°F (650°C).*

* Depends upon base material grade

May 23, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

Valve Material ASTM, DIN, JIS Convertion Chart

The following material is commonly used for valves.

ASTM	DIN EN10213	DIN EN No.	UNS	JIS	Trademark
A216 WCB	GP240GH	1.0619	J03002	SCPH2
A352 LCB	G20Mn5	1.0622	J03003	SCPL1
A352 LC3	G9Ni14	1.5638	J31550	SCPL31
A217 WC1	G20Mo5	1.5419	J12524	SCPH11
A217 C5	GX15CrMo5	1.7365 (1.7363)	J42045	SCPH61
A217 C12	GX12CrMo10-1	1.7389	J82090
A351 CF3	X2CrNi19-11	1.4306	J92500	SCS19
A351 CF3M	X2CrNiMo17-12-2	1.4404	J92800	SCS16
A351 CF8	GX5CrNiMo19-10	1.4308	J92600	SCS13
A351 CF8C	GX5CrNiNb19-11	1.4552	J92710
A351 CF8M	GX5CrNiMo19-11-12	1.4408	J92900	SCS14
A351 CF8MC	GX5CrNiMoNb19-11-2	1.4581
A351 CG8M
	GX2CrNiMoN22-5-3	1.447

A351 CK3MCuN
A351 CN7M			N08007	SCS23
A494 N-12MV			N10001		HASTELLOY B
A494 CW-12MW			N10002		HASTELLOY C
A494 M35-1			N04400		MONEL 400
A494 CW-6MC			N06625		INCONEL 625
			N08825		INCOLOY 825
			S31803		SAF 2205
			S31254		254 SMO
			S32550		FERRALIUM 255
Material Comparison
Casting			Forging
ASTM	EN 10213	EN No.	ASTM	EN 10213	EN No.
A216 WCB	GP240GH (GS-C 25N)	1.0619	A105	C22.8	1.046
A352 LCB	G20Mn5	1.622	A352 LF2		1.0437
A352 LC3	G9Ni14	1.5638	A352 LF3		1.5637
A217 WC1	G20Mo5	1.5419	A182 F1		1.5415
A217 WC6	G17CrMo5-5	1.7357	A182 F11	14CrMo405	1.7335
A217 WC9	GS12CrMo9-10	1.738	A182 F22		1.738
A217 C5	GX15CrMo5	1.7365	A182 F5		1.7362
A217 C5	GX15CrMo5	-1.7363	A182 F5		1.7362
A217 CA15			A182 F6	X20Cr13	1.4021
A217 C12	GX12CrMo10-1	1.7389	A182 F9	15CrMo12.1	1.492
A351 CF3	X2CrNiMo17-12-2	1.4406	A182 F304L	X2CrNi19-11	1.4306
A351 CF3M	X2CrNiMo17-12-2	1.4404	A182 F316L	X2cRNImO17-12-2	1.4404
A351 CF8	GX5CrNiMo19-10	1.4308	A182 F304	X5CrNi18-10	1.4301
A351 CF8C	GX5CrNiNb 19-11	1.4552	A182 F321	X6CrNiTi18-10	1.4541
A351 CF8C	GX5CrNiNb 19-11	1.4552	A182 F347	X6CrNiNb18-10	1.455
A351 CF8M	GX5CrNiMo19-11-2	1.4408	A182 F316	X5CrNiMo17-12-2	1.4401
A351 CF8MC	GX5CrNiMoNb19-11-2	1.4581	A182 F348	X6CrNiMoNb17-12-2	1.458
A351 CG8M	GX2CrNiMoN22-5-3	1.447	A182 F317
A351 CK3MCuN			A182 F44
A351 CN7M			A182 F20

May 23, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

What is the difference between a foot valve and a check valve?

In short, a foot valve and a check valve are very similar in that they automatically open or close depending on system pressure, allowing flow in only one direction and preventing backflow. Figure 1 shows a check valve on the right and a foot valve on the left, with the main visual difference being that the foot valve has a strainer on it. Given the similarities between the two valves, there are important differences. Foot and check valves have different installation locations in a system, different material requirements, and different designs. This article will focus on these key differences. Read our comprehensive articles about check valves and foot valves to learn more about each type of valve.

Operation principle

Understanding how check and foot valves work is helpful before discussing their differences. Both valve types open when the inlet pressure is above the valve’s cracking pressure. The cracking pressure is the minimum amount of pressure required to open the valve and overcome the force keeping the valve closed (spring or gravity). When the inlet pressure reduces below this limit, or there is backpressure, the valve closes shut.

Differences between check valves and foot valves

Design

Foot and check valves have a variety of design types, for example, ball check valves and ball foot valves. This section, though, focuses on the design differences that exist between all check and foot valves.

Screen: The first visual difference is the screen attached to the foot valve’s inlet end, which is often called a strainer or filter. Foot valves typically sit submerged in water in a well. The screen prevents larger debris from entering the foot valve and sticking the valve’s disc open and damaging other components within the system. A check valve does not have this protection and therefore is not applicable for media that has large solids in the flow.
Threading: A check valve has threading on both sides. So, a check valve fits into any part of the piping deemed appropriate. Removing a section of the pipe and installing a check valve is a straightforward process. Foot valves, however, have threading only on one side. Therefore, foot valves are only suitable for the end of a pipe, which is the end of a pump’s suction line.

Material

The key material difference between foot and check valves is that foot valves are in water for the duration of their use. Therefore, whichever material selected must be corrosion resistant. Materials often chosen are PVC, heavy-duty cast iron, bronze, and stainless steel.

Check valves have a wider range of material options because they operate in a wider range of environments. When selecting a check valve material, first understand the system’s pressure, temperature, and operating environment. Read our chemical resistance guide to learn more.

Installation

Because foot valves work on pump systems, this section will only cover the installation locations of check and foot valves on these systems. Both valves stop media from flowing back into the well when the pump turns off, thus keeping the pump primed.

A jet pump uses a foot valve at the very end of its suction line. In contrast, a submersible pump has a foot valve directly installed on its inlet. Both pump systems can use check valves in the same locations. However, this is not suitable for any wells that may contain solids large enough to get stuck in the valve and hinder its operation.

Deep well systems use one or more extra check valves along the suction line to protect the submersible pump and foot valve from the water column’s pressure. Shallow well systems may have a check valve on the suction line. Also, check valves can install directly at the jet pump’s inlet or between the jet pump and pressure tank. Beyond stopping backflow into the well, check valves are applicable anywhere where backflow may damage an upstream component or contaminate upstream media.

Foot valve and check valve P&ID symbols

Figure 2 depicts a check valve symbol (left) and a foot valve symbol (right).

Figure 2: Check valve symbol (left) and foot valve symbol (right).

Summary

Table 1: Comparison between foot valve and check valve

	Foot valve	Check valve
Design	A foot valve has a strainer on the inlet side.	A check valve does not have a strainer.
Material	Foot valves have a limited selection of materials: stainless steel, heavy-duty cast iron, PVC, and bronze.	Check valves have more material options because they do not rest in water.
Application	Foot valves are used for suction lift applications, like a well pump.	Check valves are applicable for pump systems and any system that requires backflow prevention.
Installation	Foot valves only go at the end of a pump’s suction line.	Check valves can go at the end of a suction line, in the middle of the suction line, and anywhere else in the system where necessary.
Threading	Foot valves have threading on the outlet side only.	Check valves have threading on both sides.

FAQs

What is the difference between a foot valve and a check valve?

A foot valve has a screen on its inlet side to prevent large solids from entering the valve. Also, it fits at the end of a suction line in a pump system. A check valve is suitable for any system, including pump systems, that require media to flow in only one direction.

Can a check valve be used in place of a foot valve?

Yes, a check valve can be used in place of a foot valve. However, check valves do not have a protective screen and any large solids in the media can stick them in the open position.

March 19, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

How to Select the material for Gate Valve

Selecting the right gate valve material is crucial in the gate valve selection process. Various materials are used for the gate valve’s body and seal. The material selection depends primarily on the media type and design temperature. This article discusses the common materials used in gate valves and how to find the right one for each application.

Gate valve material selection

Gate valves are used in a wide range of applications, and they come in contact with diverse media. It is critical to consider the material used for valve construction to prevent premature valve failure and system delays during valve operation. Consider the following criteria to select the proper materials for a gate valve:

Media composition (whether clear or filled with particles)
Material compatibility with the media used
How long the valve gets exposed to the media
Operating pressure
Service temperatures
Effectiveness of coating on materials
Material availability and cost

Gate valves are available in various materials, as discussed in the next section. Various organizations are committed to developing and maintaining standards for valves and materials in specific environments. For example, gate valves are specified by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Association For Corrosion Engineers (NACE) for their suitability to work with heavy corrosive media.

Gate valve body materials

The various materials used to construct gate valve body are discussed below.

PVC gate valve

Figure 2: PVC gate valve

In a PVC gate valve, the valve’s three main components, namely, the handle, housing, and gate, are made of PVC.

PVC gate valve features

PVC gate valves are not damaged by freezing temperatures, and these valves can also withstand temperatures up to 60°C.
Resistant to corrosion, making these valves ideal for chemical processing applications involving highly corrosive substances.
PVC valves are affordable compared to metal valves.
Excellent durability offering many years of reliable use.
Available in a wide range of sizes.

PVC gate valve applications

PVC gate valves are a good low-cost solution for most flow control needs at home. These valves are durable and corrosion-resistant, hence widely used in aquatic environments. A few common applications are:

Aquatics and aquaculture
Landscaping and irrigation
Tank drain valves and septic systems
Indoor plumbing
Spas

Brass gate valve

In applications where PVC gate valves would burst, it is a viable option to use gate valves made of metals or their alloys.

Brass gate valve features

Brass gate valves work on 0-16 bar pressure range with media temperatures from -20°C to 120°C. Hence, they can withstand higher temperatures and pressure than PVC gate valves.
Brass is stronger than PVC, but stainless steel is the strongest.
Brass gate valves are costly compared to PVC gate valves, but less costly than stainless steel gate valves.

Brass gate valve applications

Brass can withstand more heat than PVC, making them an ideal choice for residential plumbing applications. Brass is extremely corrosion resistant, and the gate valves made of brass are ideal for manufacturing industries involving natural gas or potable water.

Stainless steel gate valve

Figure 3: Stainless steel gate valve

Stainless steel gate valve features

Stainless steel is the most durable, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant material when compared to brass and PVC.
Withstands very high temperature (up to 800°C) and pressure. Stainless steel can withstand a wide range of temperatures (low to high) and pressure compared to brass and PVC.
Used to manufacture gate valve body and internal parts
Stainless steel gate valves have a simple body design enabling ease of repair, cleaning, and maintenance
Used in applications involving liquid, gas, and steam
Expensive compared to PVC, brass, and bronze gate valves
Needs a large area for installation compared to brass or PVC

Stainless steel gate valve applications

Stainless steel is extremely durable and corrosion-resistant, hence used in marine and industrial applications. Some common applications are:

Industrial applications like transporting natural gas and crude oil
Slurry applications
Drinking water applications at home as the material doesn’t leach into the water

Bronze gate valve

Figure 4: Bronze gate valve

Bronze gate valve features

Excellent machinability, strength, and corrosion resistance
Used to manufacture relatively small gate valves in low-pressure applications
Bronze gate valves are typically used for water pipes and equipment pipelines of about 300 psi (20 bar) or less, and temperatures in the range -20° C -150° C.
Higher cost compared to PVC, but less than brass and stainless steel
Bronze has higher corrosion resistance than cast iron, but less than PVC or brass.
Costlier than PVC but the cost is lower than brass or stainless steel.

Bronze gate valve applications

Bronze has high lead content; hence the material is not used frequently for drinking water applications. Bronze is commonly used for fluid control in low-pressure manufacturing industries and works well with steam, air, and gas. The material is also used in HVAC and marine applications.

Cast iron gate valve

Figure 5: Cast iron gate valve

Cast iron gate valve features

Cast iron has strength lying in between bronze and stainless steel
Used to manufacture gate valve body
Very low tensile strength and elongation properties, but good casting qualities
Cast iron gets corroded over time.
Less costly compared to all other valve materials.

Cast iron gate valve applications

Cast iron is used for constructing gate valves in low-pressure and low-temperature applications. The material is a popular choice for gate valves in water, wastewater, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) units. Cast iron gate valves are extremely cheap, yet sturdy; hence these valves are more suitable for underground applications than steel valves.

Cast steel gate valve

Cast steel gate valve feature

Casted carbon steel is a tough material, and the material is hard with excellent tensile strength and impact value.

Cast steel gate valve application

Gate valves made of cast steel are commonly used in industrial plants for high temperature and pressure applications.

Figure 5: Cast steel gate valves used in industrial plants

Gate valve seal materials

Gate valve seats are available in two forms:

Integrated-type: The gate valve seal is made of the same material as the valve body and it is integrated into the valve body.
Ring type: In this type, the gate valve seal is in the form of a ring that can be either pressed in or threaded which favors more variation. The seat can be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to aid high-integrity shutoff. The ring-type seal is again classified into resilient-seated and metal-seated gate valves:
- Resilient seated gate valves: The gate is mostly composed of ductile iron and enclosed in a resilient elastomer material like ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) forming a tight seal. These valves are preferred in water distribution systems because of the tight shut-off.
- Metal-seated gate valves: Ductile iron is commonly used as the gate material, and rings are made of bronze to ensure a watertight seal.

March 19, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

What is the difference between standard port and full port ball valves?

A ball valve is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluids through piping systems. Depending on the intended application, ball valves have a variety of designs. Based on the port size, a ball valve can be classified as either a full port, standard port, or reduced bore ball valve. This article compares the various advantages and disadvantages of each ball valve type. Read our ball valve overview article for more details on the working and design of ball valves.

Ball valves based on port size

Full port ball valve

A full port or full bore ball valve is a type of ball valve where the inlet and outlet pipes have the same diameter as the bore in the valve. In simple terms, the valve port is the same size as the pipe resulting in a full flow ball valve. For a full port ball valve, there is little or no resistance to the flow of fluids, and the flow path is straight.

Standard port ball valve

In a standard port ball valve, the size of the bore in the ball is smaller than the size of the inlet and outlet pipes. The diameter of the flow path through the ball valve is narrower on the interior. The standard port ball valve creates resistance to flow, increasing its fluid pressure. The flow path is usually straight.

Reduced port ball valve

In reduced bore ball valves, the port in the ball valve is one pipe size narrower than the inlet and outlet pipes. In other words, the diameter of the bore is one specification smaller than the pipes’ diameter specification. The fluid flowing through a reduced port valve has a higher velocity.

Figure 2: Full port (left) and reduced port (right) ball valves

Comparison between full port, standard port, and reduced port ball valves

As the features of reduced port and standard port ball valves are identical in all aspects both valve types are grouped into one throughout the comparison process as seen below.

Port size

Reduced/standard port ball valves: The valve port is smaller than the pipe diameter.
Full port ball valves: The size of the valve port is the same as that of the pipe diameter.

Media

Media is the fluid flowing through the pipes and the ball valve. The media can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Reduced/standard port ball valves: Reduced or standard port ball valves are helpful to convey plain fluids like gasses or water. These valves transport light media in general.
Full port ball valves: The full-bore ball valves are suitable forviscous fluids because it offers little or no flow resistance. Examples of viscous fluid include paraffin, glycerin, etc.

Pipeline and flow control

Reduced/standard port ball valvesReduced and standard port ball valves offer a flow resistance, thus producing a pressure drop. The flow path through the valve becomes narrower on the valve’s inside. Reduced or standard port ball valves are ideal for relaxed working conditions where pressure drop does not affect pipe performance. This is because these valves reduce the velocity of the medium and hence suitable for applications where flow resistance is acceptable.
Full port ball valves: A full port ball valve has a straight flow path and offers little or no resistance to the media flow. The flow path through a full port ball valve does not become narrower on the inside. Full-bore ball valves are the only option for piping systems under strict working conditions. Underground pipes, regardless of the medium, must only use full port ball valves. When it comes to pipeline control, full port valves are ideal.

Pigging applications

Pigging is the process of cleaning a gas pipeline where a device known as a pig travels through the pipeline. This process is not supported by certain valve types that do not allow the free travel of pig through the connected valve.

Reduced/standard port ball valves: Reduced port ball valves have different diameters for the bore and connecting pipe; hence the pigging device cannot travel freely through a reduced bore ball valve for cleaning purposes.
Full port ball valves: In an open state, the bore of a full-port ball valve is parallel to the inlet and outlet ports; hence, there is no visual difference between the valve and pipe bores. In this way, a pig can have an unrestricted flow through the valve, thereby cleaning the bore of the valve along with the entire pipeline.

Cost

Reduced/standard port ball valves: A reduced or standard port ball valve has a compact body and thus lower costs.
Full port ball valves: Purchasing a full port ball valve requires a larger initial investment than purchasing a reduced port ball valve. The full port is more expensive because many materials are used in its construction. Because of its effective performance, a full-port ball valve is cost-effective in the long run.

Fitting space

Fitting space is the amount of space the ball valve will occupy when installed.

Reduced/standard port ball valves: A reduced/standard port ball valve has a small volume and thus requires little space.
Full port ball valves: A full-port ball valve has a large volume necessitating more space.

Transportation

Reduced/standard port ball valves: The small volume and lightweight properties of a reduced port ball valve make it easy to transport.
Full port ball valves: The full-port ball valve is heavy and has a large volume. This makes its transportation difficult and costly.

Full port ball valve with a drain

A full port ball valve with a drain is essential for preventing fluid or condensation buildup inside the valve. Failure to drain the valve can damage the valve. Draining is done to replace contaminated and stale fluids within the valve. Draining relieves any pressure that has built up within the valve. To drain a ball valve, first, allow fluid to flow into the drain by opening the valve. Then, close the valve to prevent fluid from flowing through it. Finally, open the valve and allow the fluid to drain. Read our article on condensate drain valve for more information.

3-way full port ball valve

A 3-way full port ball valve has three ports. These valves are available with either an L or T-port design. The L and T designation refers to the internal bore design, determining the media’s flow direction. A 3-way ball valve with a T or L port allows for mixing, distribution, or diverting the flow direction for different applications. To open a 3-way, rotate the ball until the ports are aligned with the corresponding ports, allowing fluids to flow through. To close, rotate the ball back to the closed position. When the ports are closed, they are out of place and not aligned with one another.

Comparison chart

Table 1: Comparison between standard/reduced and full port ball valve port designs

	Standard/reduced port ball valve	Full port ball valve
Pipeline control	Not ideal	Ideal
Cost	Low initial cost	High initial most
Fitting space	Less	More
Transportation	Easy	Difficult
Pigging applications	Not ideal	Ideal

FAQs

What is the difference between standard port and full port ball valves?

In a full port ball valve, the ports of the valve have the same diameter as the connecting pipes. The valve port size is smaller than the pipe diameter in a standard port ball valve.

Why is the standard port more common than the other types of ball valves?

The design of a standard port ball valve is convenient for most applications. It is compact, relatively light, and less expensive.

March 19, 2024/by stvvalve

industry valve news, News

Which valve is better between globe valves and ball valves?

Globe valves and ball valves are both shut-off valves typically used in piping systems. However, it is usually not immediately obvious which valve is most suitable for an application. System design should be finished before valve selection in order to select the best valve for the job in terms of cost, installation space, flow control, and more. Keep reading to learn more about how a globe valve may be more suitable than a ball valve and vice versa.

Working principles

Globe valve working principle

Figure 2: A globe valve in the open position (left) and the closed position (right) with the valve stem (A), bonnet (B), plug (C), and body (D).

A globe valve is a multi-turn valve, meaning that the handwheel needs to be turned more than 360° to fully open or close the valve. The main components of a globe valve are the valve body, bonnet, handwheel, stem, and plug. Media flows into the valve body (Figure 2 labeled D) through an inlet and exits the valve body through an outlet. The bonnet (Figure 2 labeled B) protects the threaded components of the valve and attaches to the valve body. As the user turns the handwheel, it turns the threaded stem (Figure 2 labeled A), which raises or lowers the plug (Figure 2 labeled C). Raising the plug opens the orifice, thereby allowing media flow. Lowering the plug into the valve seat seals the orifice, preventing the flow. Raising the disc, on the other hand, increases the flow rate. The flow rate is maximum when the disc is raised to its maximum position. The fluid flow rate is controlled by moving the disc proportionally through the stem.

Ball valve working principle

Figure 3: Ball valve parts; Stem (A), o-rings (B), body (C), ball (D), and seat (E)

A ball valve is a quarter-turn valve, meaning that the handle only needs a 90° turn to fully open or close the valve. The main components of a ball valve are shown in Figure 3. The stem (Figure 3 labeled A) connects to the ball (Figure 3 labeled D). The ball sits on the ball valve seat (Figure 3 labeled E), creating the seal. O-ring stem seals (Figure 3 labeled B) are used to prevent leakage. All of these components are within the valve housing (Figure 3 labeled C). As seen in Figure 3, the ball has a bore running through it. Under normal operation, the bore is either aligned with the valve ports to allow flow, or perpendicular to the ports to block flow. Read our article on ball valves for more details on how they work.

Flow control

Globe and ball valves are both used to turn on or off the flow. Globe valves, though, can also function in a partially open or closed state to modulate the flow. This flow regulation is achievable due to the globe valve’s disc sitting parallel to the flow. The linear flow rate achieved by globe valves is higher than that achieved by ball valves, and reduces the effects of water hammer.

Head loss

Globe valves have significantly higher pressure loss (head loss) in the fully open position than ball valves. This is because the fluid has to change direction multiple times as it passes through a globe valve.

Valve design

Globe valve design

Globe valves are available in three basic configurations: T- or Z globe valve, Y-globe valve, and angle globe valve. Read our article on globe valves for more information on each type.

Ball valve design

The ball valve can be classified into different categories depending on its housing structure, ball design, and port size. Depending on the housing structure, we can have 1, 2, or 3-piece ball valves. Depending on the port size, ball valves are categorized as full port ball valves, standard port ball valves, or reduced port ball valves. And depending on the number of ports, ball valves are classified into 2-way and multiport valves.

Symbols

Figure 4 shows the symbols for various globe valve configurations.

Figure 4: Globe valve symbols: globe (A), hand operated (B), pneumatic (C), motor operated (D), hydraulic operated (E).

The symbols for a ball valve are shown in Figure 5. For more details on the symbols of various ball valve configurations, read our article on ball valve symbols.

Figure 5: Actuated ball valve symbols; manually operated ball valve (A), pneumatically actuated ball valve (diaphragm type) symbol (B), pneumatically actuated ball valve (rotary piston type) symbol (C), electrically actuated ball valve symbol (D), and a hydraulic actuator ball valve symbol (E).

Applications

Globe valves are used to control fluid flow. Furthermore, globe valves are advantageous in applications requiring precise throttling. Ball valves, on the other hand, are commonly used for plumbing system shut-off and isolation. Industrial applications for globe valves include fuel oil systems and cooling water systems, while those of ball valves include chemical storage and natural gas industries.

Globe valve and ball valve similarities

Globe valves and ball valves share some similarities. Both valves are used in piping systems to control the flow of liquids and gasses. Both are shut-off valves designed to allow or block the fluid flow within a pipe. Globe valves and ball valves can be operated manually or automatically.

Pros and cons of ball valves and globe valves

Operation: Ball valves are simple and easier to operate than globe valves.
Throttling: Globe valves are suitable for throttling operations, whereas ball valves should be either fully shut or fully open.
Handle: Ball valves are quarter-turn valves which means the ball valve handle must be turned by 90° to go from fully open to a fully closed state or vice versa. The handwheel of globe valves must be turned multiple times from entirely closed to fully opened.
Cost: Due to their simple structure, ball valves are cheaper than globe valves.
Space: Globe valves occupy more space compared to ball valves.
Pressure rating: Ball valves can handle higher pressure than globe valves.
Durability: Ball valves are longer-lasting than globe valves.
Leakages: Globe valves are more prone to leakages than ball valves.
Media flow resistance: A globe valve offers more resistance to media flow compared to ball valves.
Head loss: Globe valves have a higher head loss than ball valves.

Globe valve and ball valve selection

The selection between a ball valve and a globe valve depends on the intended purpose. The main factors to consider during the selection process are discussed below:

Flow rate: Ball valves are desirable in applications where a high flow rate is necessary due to their full-bore design.
Pressure drops: Ball valves have lower pressure drops because flow moves straight through them.
Maintenance: Ball valves are simple to maintain because the valve only needs a little lubrication to stay clean. Further maintenance is necessary upon debris buildup.
Temperature: Ball valves function better under high-temperature conditions due to their durable construction.

FAQs

What are the typical applications of a globe valve?

Globe valves are used commonly to control water flow in irrigation systems, regulate airflow in AC systems, and control oil flow in pipelines.

What is the main difference between a ball valve and a globe valve?

The ball valve has a hollow ball that rotates inside the valve, whereas the globe valve has a disc that moves vertically through the valve stem.

Which valve is better between globe valves and ball valves?

This depends on the intended application. Globe valves are better for throttling applications, while ball valves offer better performance as shutoff valves.

View our online selection of globe and ball valves!

March 19, 2024/by stvvalve