ASTM Materials for Valves: ASTM A216, A351, A352, A105, and A182 (Cast & Forged Grades)

Notes:

1. Grade CF8C shall have a Niobium content 8 times above the Carbon but not over 1.00%.
2. Grade CF10MC shall have a Niobium content 10 times above the Carbon but not over 1.20%.
   

   MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CAST STEEL VALVES CHART

   The mechanical properties of cast steel valves are critical to their performance, durability, and suitability for specific applications. These properties depend on the material specifications, such as those outlined by ASTM standards for cast steel. While the exact mechanical properties can vary depending on the specific grade of cast steel and the heat treatment it undergoes, here is an overview of the key mechanical properties typically considered for cast steel valves:

   Tensile Strength

   • Definition: The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking.
   • Importance for Valves: High tensile strength is crucial for valves in high-pressure applications to prevent rupture or failure under stress.

   Yield Strength

   • Definition: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape automatically.
   • Importance for Valves: Adequate yield strength ensures that the valve maintains its integrity and shape under operational pressures, contributing to its reliability and longevity.

   Elongation

   • Definition: A measure of ductility, specifically the extent to which a material can be stretched before breaking, expressed as a percentage of the original length.
   • Importance for Valves: Elongation indicates the valve’s ability to withstand deformation without cracking, important in handling thermal expansions and contractions.

   Reduction Of Area

   • Definition: A measure of ductility determined by the reduction in the cross-sectional area of a material specimen after fracture compared to its original cross-sectional area.
   • Importance for Valves: This property helps assess the material’s toughness and resistance to catastrophic failure.

   Hardness

   • Definition: A measure of a material’s resistance to deformation when subjected to a constant load. It’s often measured using scales such as Brinell, Rockwell, or Vickers.
   • Importance for Valves: Hardness affects wear resistance and durability, particularly in valves handling abrasive or corrosive fluids.

   Impact Toughness

   • Definition: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. It is typically measured by impact tests, such as the Charpy V-notch test.
   • Importance for Valves: High impact toughness is essential for valves in environments where they are subjected to sudden shocks or in low-temperature applications where materials become more brittle.

   Creep Strength

   • Definition: The resistance of a material to deformation under prolonged exposure to high stress and temperature.
   • Importance for Valves: Critical for valves used in high-temperature applications, ensuring they can maintain their shape and functionality over time.

   The selection of a cast steel valve with the appropriate mechanical properties is essential for ensuring that the valve can withstand the operational demands of pressure, temperature, and flow media it will encounter in service. These properties are influenced by the material’s composition, the casting process, and any subsequent heat treatments, highlighting the importance of choosing the right material specification and manufacturing processes for each application.

   The table summarizes the key mechanical properties of each common grade of ASTM cast steel valves:

   	Minimum Steel Mechanical Properties				Modulus	Approximate
   ASTM CAST GRADE	Tensile strength (psi)	Yield strength (psi min)	Elongation (at 2 inches)	Reduction of Area (%)
   ASTM A216 Grade WCB	70,000	36,000	22	35	27.9	137-1 87
   ASTM A352 Grade LCB	65,000	35,000	24	35	27.9	137-1 87
   ASTM A217 Grade C5	90,000	60,000	18	35	27.4	241 Max.
   ASTM A217 Grade WC1	65,000	35,000	24	35	29.9	215 Max.
   ASTM A217 Grade WC6	70,000	40,000	20	35	29.9	215 Max.
   ASTM A217 Grade WC9	70,000	40,000	20	35	29.9	241 Max.
   ASTM A352 Grade LC3	65,000	40,000	24	35	27.9	137
   ASTM A217 Grade C12	90,000	60,000	18	35	27.4	180-240
   ASTM A351 Grade CF-8	65,000	28,000	35	–	28	140
   ASTM A351 Grade CF-8M	70,000	30,000	30	–	28.3	156-170
   ASTM A126 Class B	31,000	–	–	–	–	160-220
   ASTM A126 Class C	41,000	–	–	–	–	160-220
   ASTM A395 Type 60-45-15	60,000	45,000	15	–	23-26	143-207
   ASTM A439 Type D-2B	58,000	30,000	7	–	–	148-211
   ASTM B62	30,000	14,000	20	17	13.5	55-65*
   ASTM B143 Alloy 1A	40,000	18,000	20	20	15	75-85*
   ASTM B147 Alloy 8A	65,000	25,000	20	20	15.4	98*
   ASTM B148 Alloy 9C	75,000	30,000	12 min.	12	17	150
   (Weldable Grade)	65,000	32,500	25	–	23	120-170
   ASTM A494 (Hastelloy B)	72,000	46,000	6	–	–	–
   ASTM A494 (Hastelloy C)	72,000	46,000	4	–	–	–
   Stellite No. 6	121,000	64,000	01.feb	–	30.4	–
   ASTM B211 Alloy 20911-T3	44,000	36,000	15	–	10.2	95
   ASTM B16 1/2 Hard	45,000	15,000	7	50	14	–
   ASTM B21 Alloy 464	60,000	27,000	22	55	–	–
   AISI 12L 14	79,000	71,000	16	52	–	163
   ASTM A108 Grade 1018	69,000	48,000	38	62	–	143
   (Suitable for ASTM A193 Grade B7 bolt material)	135,000	115,000	22	63	29.9	255
   ASTM A276 Type 302	85,000	35,000	60	70	28	150
   ASTM A276 Type 304	85,000	35,000	60	70	–	149
   ASTM A276 Type 316	80,000	30,000	60	70	28	149
   ASTM A276 Type 316L	81,000	34,000	55	–	–	146
   ASTM A276 Type 410	75,000	40,000	35	70	29	155
   ASTM A461 Grade 630	135,000	105,000	16	50	29	275-345
   Alloy K500 (K Monel)	100,000	70,000	35	–	26	175-260
   ASTM B335 (Hastelloy B)	100,000	46,000	30	–	–	–
   ASTM B336 (Hastelloy C)	100,000	46,000	20	–	–	–

   ASTM CAST STEEL GRADE SELECTION

   Choosing the correct ASTM cast steel grade for valves involves several key considerations to ensure that the valve performs effectively and reliably under the intended service conditions. The selection process must account for factors such as the operating environment, temperature, pressure, fluid characteristics, and specific industry requirements.

   Here’s a structured approach to selecting the appropriate ASTM cast steel grade for valves:

   1. Assess Operating Conditions

   • Temperature: Determine the minimum and maximum temperatures the valve will encounter. For high-temperature applications, grades like ASTM A216 WCB are commonly used, while low-temperature services may require ASTM A352 LCB or LCC.
   • Pressure: Consider the pressure range within the system. Higher pressure levels demand materials with greater strength and durability.

   2. Identify Fluid Characteristics

   • Corrosiveness: If the fluid is corrosive, select a material with high corrosion resistance, such as ASTM A351 CF8M (stainless steel).
   • Abrasion: For abrasive fluids, choose a grade with good wear resistance or consider additional treatments like hard facing.
   • Toxicity and Cleanliness Requirements: In applications like food processing or pharmaceuticals, materials must not only be resistant to corrosion but also meet strict hygiene standards.

   3. Consider Mechanical and Chemical Properties

   • Tensile and Yield Strength: Ensure the material has adequate strength to withstand operational stresses.
   • Impact Toughness: For applications in colder environments, the material must possess good low-temperature toughness (e.g., ASTM A352 grades).
   • Chemical Composition: The alloying elements in the cast steel grade should be compatible with the fluid medium to prevent corrosion and degradation.

   4. Compliance with Standards and Regulations

   Ensure the selected material grade meets any relevant industry standards and regulatory requirements, such as API specifications for oil and gas applications or FDA guidelines for food contact materials.

   5. Evaluate Availability and Cost

   Consider the availability of the desired material grade and its cost-effectiveness for the project. While higher grades may offer superior performance, they also tend to be more expensive and may have longer lead times.

   6. Consult with Experts

   When in doubt, consult with material engineers or valve manufacturers. Their expertise can provide valuable insights into the most suitable material choice for your specific application.

   7. Review Past Applications and Case Studies

   Look into case studies or historical data from similar applications to understand the performance of different material grades in comparable environments.

   By thoroughly evaluating these factors, you can make an informed decision on the most appropriate ASTM cast steel grade for your valve application. This ensures not only the reliability and safety of the valve in its intended service but also its longevity and cost-effectiveness over its operational life.

    

   ASTM CAST STEEL GRADE RECOMMENDED SERVICE

   The table shows the most common materials for cast valves and their recommended service:

   MATERIAL GROUP	MATERIAL GRADE	RECOMMENDED SERVICE
   High-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A216 Grade WCB	Non-corrosive fluids such as water, oil, and gases at temperatures range -20°F (-30°C) and +800°F (+425°C)
   Low-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LCB	Low temperature to -50°F (-46°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
   Low-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LC1	Low temperature to -75°F (-59°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
   Low-temperature Carbon Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LC2	Low temperature to -100°F (-73°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
   3.1/2% Nickel Steel	ASTM A352 Grade LC3	Low temperature to -150°F (-101°C). Use excluded above +650°F (+340°C).
   1.1/4% Chrome 1/2% Moly Steel	ASTM A217 Grade WC6	Non-corrosive fluids such as water, oil, and gases at temperatures range -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
   2.1/4% Chrome	ASTM A217 Grade C9	Non-corrosive fluids such as water, oil, and gases at temperatures range -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
   5% Chrome 1/2% Moly	ASTM A217 Grade C5	Mild corrosive or erosive applications and non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+649°C).
   9%Chrome 1% Moly	ASTM A217 Grade C12	Mild corrosive or erosive applications and non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+649°C).
   12% Chrome Steel	ASTM A487 Grade CA6NM	Corrosive application at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +900°F (+482°C).
   12% Chrome	ASTM A217 Grade CA15	Corrosive application at temperatures up to +1300°F (+704°C)
   Stainless steel 316	ASTM A351 Grade CF8M	Corrosive or either extremely low or high-temperature non-corrosive services between -450°F (-268°C) and +1200°F (+649°C). Above +800°F (+425°C) specify carbon content of 0.04% or greater.
   Stainless steel 347	ASTM 351 Grade CF8C	Mainly for high-temperature, corrosive applications between -450°F (-268°C) and +1200°F (+649°C). Above +1000°F (+540°C) specify carbon content of 0.04% or greater.
   Stainless steel 304	ASTM A351 Grade CF8	Corrosive or extremely high temperatures non-corrosive services between -450°F (-268°C) and +1200°F (+649°C). Above +800°F (+425°C) specify carbon content of 0.04% or greater.
   Stainless steel 304L	ASTM A351 Grade CF3	Corrosive or non-corrosive services to +800F (+425°C).
   Stainless steel 316L	ASTM A351 Grade CF3M	Corrosive or non-corrosive services to +800F (+425°C).
   Alloy-20	ASTM A351 Grade CN7M	Good resistance to hot sulfuric acid to +800F (+425°C).
   Monel	ASTM 743 Grade M3-35-1	Weldable grade. Good resistance to corrosion by all common organic acids and salt water. Also highly resistant to most alkaline solutions to +750°F (+400°C).
   Hastelloy B	ASTM A743 Grade N-12M	Well suited for handling hydrofluoric acid at all concentrations and temperatures. Good resistance to sulphuric and phosphoric acids to +1200°F (+649°C).
   Hastelloy C	ASTM A743 Grade CW-12M	Good resistance to span oxidation conditions. Good properties at high temperatures. Good resistance to sulphuric and phosphoric acids to +1200°F (+649°C).
   Inconel	ASTM A743 Grade CY-40	Very good for high-temperature service. Good resistance to spangly corrosive media and atmosphere to +800°F (+425°C).
   Bronze	ASTM B62	Water, oil, or gas: up to 400°F. Excellent for brine and seawater service.

   We recommend purchasing the ASTM A216 specification from the ASTM website or the IHS store to get a complete understanding of this topic.

   FORGED STEEL VALVES (ASTM GRADES)

   DEFINITION OF FORGED VALVE

   A forged valve is a type of valve whose body is made from forged steel. Forging involves heating a piece of metal until it becomes malleable and then applying force to shape it into the desired form, often using a hammer or press. This process aligns the grain structure of the metal, enhancing its strength, durability, and resistance to impact and fatigue compared to casting. Forged valves are known for their robust construction and are especially valued in applications requiring high pressure and temperature conditions. They are commonly used in the oil and gas, petrochemical, power generation, and marine industries, among others, where safety and performance are critical. The forging process allows for the production of valves with fewer defects and more consistent properties throughout the material, providing a reliable solution for controlling fluid flow under demanding operational conditions.

   Forged valves feature a body obtained by forging monolithic blocks of steel.

   Forged bodies are common for smaller-diameter valves (generally, below 2 inches) or for high-pressure valves that require extreme robustness and solidity (regardless of the valve bore size).  Forged bodies are less prone to leakages than cast valve body materials.

   The ASTM A105, ASTM A350, and ASTM A182 specifications cover materials for carbon, low-alloy, and stainless steel forged valves (the same specifications apply to other forged piping components, such as flanges for example).

   ASTM A105 (CARBON STEEL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE)

   ASTM A105 stands out as a critical specification for carbon steel forgings, including forged valves, in piping systems. This standard, established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), outlines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and other critical criteria for forgings used in high-temperature service. This article delves into the specifics of ASTM A105, highlighting its significance, applications, and key characteristics that make it suitable for forged valves in demanding industrial environments.

   The Significance Of ASTM A105

   ASTM A105 specifies the manufacturing process, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for carbon steel forgings for piping applications. It is designed for components that will operate in ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Given its robustness and versatility, ASTM A105 is widely recognized and utilized across various sectors, including oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, and more.

   Key Characteristics Of ASTM A105

   • Chemical Composition: ASTM A105 steel is characterized by a significant amount of carbon, which enhances its strength and heat resistance, making it ideal for high-temperature environments. The standard also specifies allowable contents for manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, ensuring a balance between strength, weldability, and ductility.
   • Mechanical Properties: ASTM A105 forged valves are known for their high tensile strength and yield strength, enabling them to withstand internal pressures without deforming. The material also exhibits adequate elongation, ensuring it can endure stretching and bending forces during installation and operation.
   • Heat Treatment: The forging process followed by heat treatment enhances the material’s mechanical properties. Heat treatment processes, such as normalizing, tempering, or quenching, refine the grain structure of the steel, improving its toughness and resistance to impact and wear.
   • Weldability: Despite its high carbon content, ASTM A105 steel maintains good weldability under proper conditions. This allows for the fabrication of complex piping systems where components need to be securely welded together.

   Applications Of ASTM A105 Forged Valves

   ASTM A105 forged valves are employed in a wide array of high-pressure and high-temperature applications. Their durability and resistance to heat make them suitable for:

   • Oil and Gas Industry: For controlling the flow of oil, natural gas, and by-products, where pressure and temperature conditions can be extreme.
   • Chemical Processing: In environments handling corrosive substances and requiring reliable operation over a broad temperature range.
   • Power Generation: For steam and water control in boilers, turbines, and auxiliary systems where operational reliability is critical.
     Water Treatment and Distribution: Where valves must withstand varying pressures and temperatures without compromising performance or safety.

    

   Advantages Of ASTM A105 Forged Valves

   • Durability and Reliability: The forging process, coupled with the material properties of ASTM A105, results in valves that are highly durable and reliable under harsh operating conditions.
   • Safety: ASTM A105 forged valves provide a secure and leak-proof solution in high-pressure systems, reducing the risk of accidents and environmental pollution.
   • Cost-Effectiveness: Despite their high performance, ASTM A105 forged valves are relatively cost-effective, especially when considering their lifespan and reduced maintenance requirements.
   • Standardization: Compliance with ASTM A105 ensures that materials and components meet recognized industry standards, facilitating compatibility and interchangeability in piping systems.

   Chemical Composition Of ASTM A105

   C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cu	Ni	Cr	Mo	V
   A105	–	0.60	–	–	0.10	–	–	–
   	0.35	1.05	0.035	0.040	0.35	0.40	0.40	0.30	0.12	0.08

   Mechanical Properties Of ASTM A105

   Property	ASTM A105	ASTM A350-LF2
   Tensile Strength Min, psi	70,000	70,000-95,000
   Tensile Strength Min, N/mm²	485	485-655
   Yield Strength Min, psi	36,000	36,000
   Yield Strength Min, N/mm²	250	250
   Elongation (%)	22	22
   Reduction of Area (%)	30	30
   Hardness, maximum	187	15/12 ft-lbs
   CVN at -50℉		20/16 joules

   ASTM A350 (CARBON STEEL FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE)

   ASTM A350 is a specification issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers several grades of carbon and low-alloy steel forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings, and valves intended primarily for low-temperature service and requiring notch toughness testing. These materials are suitable for use in environments where the temperature may go below -29°C (-20°F), making them ideal for applications in cold climates or processes involving cryogenic temperatures.

   Key Features Of ASTM A350

   Notch Toughness: One of the defining characteristics of the ASTM A350 specification is its requirement for notch toughness testing, which ensures that the material possesses adequate resilience and strength at low temperatures. This makes it especially suitable for piping systems that need to remain operational and leak-free even under freezing conditions.

   Chemical Composition ASTM A350

   ASTM A350 specifies strict chemical composition limits for each grade, ensuring that the steel has the desired properties for low-temperature service. The composition affects the steel’s weldability, toughness, and resistance to corrosion and wear.

   C%	Mn%	Si%	S%	P%	Cr%	Ni%
   A350 LF1	0.30 max	0.6/1.35	.15/.30	.040 max	.035 max	0.30 max	0.40 max
   A350 LF2	0.30 max	0.6/1.35	.15/.30	.040 max	.035 max	0.30 max	0.40 max
   A350 LF3	0.20 max	0.9	.20/.35	.040 max	.035 max	0.30 max	3.3/3.7

   Mechanical Properties

   The specification outlines minimum mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and impact values. These properties ensure that materials under this specification can withstand the pressures and stresses encountered in low-temperature environments without failing.

   	ASTM A105	ASTM A350-LF2
   Tensile Strength Min, psi	70,000	70,000-95,000
   Tensile Strength Min, N/mm²	485	485-655
   Yield Strength Min, psi	36,000	36,000
   Yield Strength Min, N/mm²	250	250
   Elongation (%)	22	22
   Reduction of Area (%)	30	30
   Hardness, maximum	187	15/12 ft-lbs
   CVN at -50℉		20/16 joules

   Grades Within ASTM A350

   ASTM A350 includes several grades, with LF2 and LF3 being among the most commonly used for valve manufacturing. Here’s a brief overview:

   • LF1, LF2, LF3: These are low-alloy steels with varying nickel content, designed for different minimum temperature services. LF2 is particularly popular for general low-temperature service, providing a good balance of toughness and strength.
   • LF6: Classified under several classes, LF6 is intended for low-temperature applications requiring corrosion resistance.
   • LF9: A grade with a higher alloy content, offering improved strength and toughness.
   • LF787: A more recent addition, providing enhanced toughness and weldability.

   Applications Of ASTM A350 Forged Valves

   ASTM A350 forged valves are widely used in industries where low-temperature performance and notch toughness are critical. These include:

   • Oil and Gas: Especially in areas with cold climates or offshore platforms where temperatures can drop significantly.
   • Chemical Processing: In processes involving cryogenic substances or where chemical reactions require low temperatures.
   • Power Generation: For systems involving liquified natural gas (LNG) or other cryogenic fluids.
   • Cryogenic Services: In applications involving the storage and transportation of liquified gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.

   Advantages Of ASTM A350 Forged Valves

   • Durability in Low Temperatures: These valves maintain their strength and toughness even in extremely low temperatures, reducing the risk of cracks and failures.
   • Versatility: The variety of grades within the ASTM A350 specification allows for selection based on specific application requirements, such as desired mechanical properties and environmental conditions.
   • Safety: The notch toughness requirement ensures that the valves can handle sudden stresses and shocks without fracturing, enhancing the safety of the system.

   Conclusion
   ASTM A350 is a critical material specification for forged valves in low-temperature applications, offering a combination of toughness, strength, and resistance to brittle fracture. Its strict requirements ensure that materials used in valve construction are capable of performing reliably in harsh conditions, providing a safe and efficient solution for industries operating in cold environments or with cryogenic processes.

   ASTM A182 (STAINLESS STEEL)

   ASTM A182 is a specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.

   The standard is intended for use in high-pressure and high-temperature environments, offering a wide range of alloys to suit various service conditions, including corrosive and high-temperature applications.

   Key Features Of ASTM A182

   • Versatility: ASTM A182 includes a broad array of alloy compositions, enabling its use across numerous applications requiring high strength, durability, and resistance to harsh environments.
   • High-Temperature Service: The materials specified under ASTM A182 are designed to operate efficiently in high-temperature settings, making them suitable for use in the power generation, chemical processing, and oil and gas industries.
   • Corrosion Resistance: Many of the stainless steel and alloy grades covered by ASTM A182 offer excellent corrosion resistance, crucial for applications involving corrosive fluids or environments.

   Grades Within ASTM A182

   ASTM A182 specifies several grades of alloy and stainless steel. Some of the most commonly used grades include:

   • F304/F304L and F316/F316L: These austenitic stainless steel grades are widely used due to their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The “L” denotes a lower carbon content, which enhances corrosion resistance after welding.
   • F11, F22, and F91: These are low alloy steels with varying contents of Chromium and Molybdenum, providing different levels of strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for high temperatures.
   • F51, F53, F55: Duplex and super duplex stainless steel grades known for their high strength and excellent resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking.
   • 

   Applications Of ASTM A182 Forged Valves

   Valves manufactured according to ASTM A182 are found in a wide range of applications, including:

   • Oil and Gas: Used in both upstream and downstream processes where high strength and corrosion resistance are necessary.
   • Chemical Processing: For handling acidic or basic chemicals, as well as organic solvents at high temperatures.
   • Power Generation: In steam and water control systems within power plants, including nuclear reactors.
   • Marine Applications: Especially in environments where corrosion resistance is critical due to saltwater exposure.

   Advantages of ASTM A182 Forged Valves

   • Durability: The forging process combined with high-quality alloy steel results in valves with superior strength and durability, capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures.
   • Corrosion Resistance: The specification includes stainless steel and alloys that offer excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive environments and media.
   • Customizability: With a wide variety of grades available, ASTM A182 allows for the selection of materials specifically tailored to the demands of the application, ensuring optimal performance.

   Conclusion

   ASTM A182 is a comprehensive specification that provides a framework for the production of high-quality forged valves suited for high-temperature and high-pressure applications. Its wide range of alloy and stainless steel grades ensures that there is a material option available for nearly any challenging industrial application, combining strength, corrosion resistance, and durability to meet the rigorous demands of modern industrial environments.

   Chemical Composition ASTM A182

   ASTM A182 Forged Steel Valves Materials Composition, %
   ASTM A182 GRADE	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Ni	Cr	Mo	Nb	Ti	Others
   F304(1)	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-11.0	18.0-20.0
   F304H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-11.0	18.0-20.0
   F304L(1)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-13.0	18.0-20.0
   F304N(2)	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-10.5	18.0-20.0
   F304LN(2)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	8.0-10.5	18.0-20.0
   F309H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	12.0-15.0	22.0-24.0
   F310	0.25	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	19.0-22.0	24.0-26.0
   F310H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	19.0-22.0	24.0-26.0
   F310MoLN	0.030	2.0	0.030	0.015	0.40	21.0-23.0	24.0-26.0	2.0-3.0			N 0.10-0.16
   F316	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
   F316H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
   F316L(1)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-15.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
   F316N(2)	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
   F316LN(2)	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
   F316Ti	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0		(3)	N 0.10 max
   F317	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-15.0	18.0-20.0	3.0-4.0
   F317L	0.030	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	11.0-15.0	18.0-20.0	3.0-4.0
   F321	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-12.0	17.0-19.0			(4)
   F321H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-12.0	17.0-19.0			(5)
   F347	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(6)
   F347H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(7)
   F348	0.08	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(6)		Co 0.20 Ta 0.10
   F348H	0.04-0.10	2.0	0.045	0.030	1.0	9.0-13.0	17.0-20.0		(7)		Co 0.20 Ta 0.10

   Notes:

   1. Grades F304, F304L, F316, and F316L shall have a maximum Nitrogen of 0.10%.
   2. Grades F304N, F316N, F304LN, and F316LN shall have a Nitrogen of 0.10 to 0.16%.
   3. Grade F316Ti shall have a Titanium content five times above the Carbon plus Nitrogen and not more than 0.70%.
   4. Grade F321 shall have a Titanium content five times above the Carbon and not more than 0.70%.
   5. Grade F321H shall have a Titanium content four times above the Carbon and not more than 0.70%.
   6. Grades F347 and F348 shall have a Niobium content ten times above the Carbon and not more than 1.10%.
   7. Grades F347H and F348H shall have a Niobium content above than eight times the Carbon and not more than 1.10%.

   Mechanical Properties ASTM A182

   ASTM A182 Grade	Minimum Tensile Strength in MPa	Minimum Yield point in Mpa	Minimum Elongation in %	Minimum Reduction of in min, %
   ASTM A182 F304	515	205	30	50
   ASTM A182 F304L	485	170	30	50
   ASTM A182 F316	515	205	30	50
   ASTM A182 F316L	485	170	30	50
   ASTM A182 F321	515	205	30	50

   RECOMMENDED SERVICE FORGED STEEL VALVES

   The table shows the most common materials for forged valves and their respective recommended service:

   Forged Material Grade

   ASTM Grade	Material Name	Recommended Service
   304	19%Chrome 9%Nickel	Applications at temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
   316	19%Chrome, 10%Nickel 2%Moly	Applications at temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
   321	18%Chrome, 10%Nickel with Titanium	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
   347	18%Chrome, 10%Nickel with Columbium	347 has good intergranular-corrosion resistance and is resistant to atmospheric conditions between temperatures of +800°F(+427°C) and +1650°F(+899°C).
   400	Monel	This nickel alloy has good corrosion resistance, good weldability, and, high strength. Great mechanical properties at subzero temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
   410	13%Chrome 1/2%Moly	410 is the basic martensitic stainless. It has good impact strength, corrosion, and scaling resistance up to +1200°F (+649°C).
   420	13%Chrome, 1%Nickel 1/4%Moly	Full corrosion resistance only in the hardened or hardened and stress-relieved conditions. The temperature should be below +800°F (+427°C).
   600	Inconel	This nickel-chromium alloy has good oxidation resistance at higher temperatures to +2000°F (+1093°C)
   625	Inconel	This nickel-chromium alloy has good carburization and oxidation in high resistance at higher temperatures to +2000°F (+1093°C).
   825	Incoloy	Alloy 825 has a high level of corrosion resistance in both reducing and oxidizing environments and good mechanical properties at temperatures up to +1000°F (+538°C).
   17-4PH	15-1/2%Chrome 4-1/2%Nickel	Good corrosive resistance properties at temperatures up to +600°F (+316°C).
   304H	18%Chrome 9%Nickel	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
   304L	19%Chrome, 10%Nickel Low Carbon	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
   316H	18%Chrome, 8%Nickel with Molybdenum	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
   316L	19%Chrome, 10%Nickel 2%Moly, Low Carbon	Applications at temperatures up to +800°F (+427°C).
   317L	25%Chrome, 21%Nickel 3/4%Moly	317L has superior corrosion resistance in difficult environments and can be used at temperatures between +1700°F (+927°C) to +2200°F (+1204°C).
   440C	17%Chrome 3/4%Moly	This grade is used in the hard plus tempered condition. For best corrosion resistance, the tempering temperature should be below +800°F (+427°C).
   800H/HT	Incoloy	This nickel-chromium alloy has good carburization and oxidation in high resistance and is normally used in temperatures above +1100°F (+593°C).
   A105N	1/4% Max Carbon Steel	Non-corrosive applications include water, oil, and, gases at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +800°F (+427°C).
   ALLOY 20	20%Chrome, 35%Nickel 2-1/2%Moly	Good resistance to hot sulfuric acid to +800°F (+425°C).
   C276	Hastelloy	This nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of corrosive media and corrosion resistance to ambient temperatures.
   F11	1-1/4%Chrome 1/2%Moly	Non-corrosive applications include water, oil, and, gases at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
   F22	2-1/4%Chrome 1%Moly	Non-corrosive applications include water, oil, and, gases at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1100°F (+593°C).
   F5	5%Chrome 1/2%Moly	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+650°C).
   F51	22%Chrome, 5%Nickel 3%Moly	F51 is a super duplex stainless steel. Good  Moderate to good corrosion resistance in a variety of environments. Service to +600°F (+316°C).
   F53	25%Chrome, 7%Nickel 4-1/2%Moly	F53 is a super duplex stainless steel. This material has excellent corrosion resistance in a variety of environments. Service to +600°F (+316°C).
   F55	25%Chrome, 7%Nickel 3-1/2%Moly	This material combines high mechanical strength and good ductility with excellent corrosion resistance in environments with temperatures up to +600°F (+316°C).
   F9	9%Chrome 1%Moly	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+650°C).
   F91	9%Chrome 1%Moly	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -20°F (-30°C) and +1200°F (+650°C).
   K500	Monel	This nickel alloy has good corrosion resistance. Monel K500 has great mechanical properties at subzero temperatures up to about +480°C.
   LF2	Low-Temp Carbon Steel	Non-corrosive applications at temperatures from -50°F (-46°C) to +800°F (+427°C).
   X-750	Inconel	This nickel-chromium alloy has good resistance to corrosion and oxidation along with high tensile and creep-rupture properties at temperatures up to +1300°F (+700°C).

   CROSS REFERENCE CHART: ASTM CAST VS. FORGED MATERIALS

   The table shows the equivalent grades for cast and forged steel valve bodies:

   Material Group	Forged Grade	Equivalent Cast Grade
   Carbon Steel	A181-Gr.1 A181-Gr.2
   Moderate, high temp. service	A105-Gr.1 A105-Gr.2	A216-WCA WCB WCC
   Cold temp. service	A350-LF1 A350-LF2	A352-LCB, LCC
   Carbon -1/2 Moly Alloy Steel
   High Temp Service	A182-F1	A217-WC1
   Cold Temp Service		A352-LC1
   1/2Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F2
   1/2Cr-1/2Mo-1 Alloy Steel		A217-WC4
   3/4Cr-1 Mo-3/4NI Alloy Steel		A217-WC5
   1Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F12
   1Cr-1 Mo-Vd Alloy Steel	A404-F24	A389-C24
   1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F11	A217-WC6
   1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo-Vd Alloy Steel		A389-C23
   2-1/4Cr-1/2Mo-Vd Alloy Steel	A182-F22	A217-WC9
   3Cr-1 Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F21
   5Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F5
   5Cr-1/2Mo-Si Alloy Steel		A217-Gr.C5
   7Cr-1/2Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F7
   9Cr-1 Mo Alloy Steel	A182-F9	A217-Gr.C12
   13Cr Alloy Steel	A182-F6	A351-CA15
   Type 304 Stainless Steel
   Standard	A182-F304	A351-Gr.CF8 CF8a
   Low Carbon	A182-F304-L	A351-Gr.CF3 CF3a
   High Temp Service	A182-F304-H	A351.Gr.CF10
   Type 309 Stainless Steel
   Type 310 Stainless Steel	A182-F310
   Type 316 Stainless Steel
   Standard	A182-F316	A351-Gr.CF8M
   Low Carbon	A182-F316-L	A351-Gr.CF3M
   High Temp Service	A182-F316-H	A351.Gr.CF10
   Type 317 Stainless Steel		A403-WP317
   Type 321 Stainless Steel
   Standard	A182-F321
   High Temp Service	A182-F321-H
   Type 347 Stainless Steel
   Standard	A182-F347
   High Temp Service	A182-F347-H	A351-Gr.CF8C
   Type 348 Stainless Steel
   Standard	A182-F348
   High Temp Service	A182-F348-H
   20 Ni-8 Cr Alloy	A182-F10
   2 Nickel Alloy Steel
   Low Temp Service		A352-LC2

   VALVE TRIM

   WHAT IS VALVE TRIM?

   The trim of a valve is the collective name for all the (replaceable) parts of a valve in direct contact with the fluid (“wet parts”).

   The valve trim includes, generally, the disc/plug, the stem, the cage, the seat ring, the gaskets, and the packing (the trim configuration depends on the type of valve). The API 600 trim chart designates the typical combinations with a conventional number (for example, Trim 8).

   API VALVE TRIM CHART

   The API 600 specification designates some typical combinations of the valve trim materials with a number (API trim #1, trim #2, etc.).

   The selection of the correct combination of trim materials is one of the most important decisions in specifying valves correctly.

   API TRIM #	TRIM MATERIAL	SEAT	DISC/WEDGE	BACKSEAT	STEM
   1	410	410	410	410	410
   2	304	304	304	304	304
   3	F310	310	310	310	310
   4	Hard 410	Hard 410	410	410	410
   5	Hard faced	Stellite	Stellite	410	410
   5A	Hard faced	Ni-Cr	Ni-Cr	410	410
   6	410 and Cu-Ni	Cu-Ni	Cu-Ni	410	410
   7	410 and Hard 410	Hard 410	Hard 410	410	410
   8	410 and Hardfaced	Stellite	410	410	410
   8A	410 and Hardfaced	Ni-Cr	410	410	410
   9	Monel	Monel	Monel	Monel	Monel
   10	316	316	316	316	316
   11	Monel	Stellite	Monel	Monel	Monel
   12	316 and Hardfaced	Stellite	316	316	316
   13	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20
   14	Alloy 20 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Alloy 20	Alloy 20	Alloy 20
   15	304 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	304	304
   16	316 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	316	316
   17	347 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	347	347
   18	Alloy 20 and Hardfaced	Stellite	Stellite	Alloy 20	Alloy 20

    

   VALVE TRIM SELECTION CRITERIA

   Selecting the correct valve trim is crucial for ensuring optimal performance, longevity, and safety in valve operations. The valve trim includes components that come into direct contact with the fluid flow, such as the disc, seat, stem, and sleeve. These components play key roles in regulating the flow, sealing, and overall functionality of the valve.

   Here’s a guide to selecting the appropriate valve trim for your application:

   1. Understand the Application Requirements

   • Fluid Characteristics: Identify the type of fluid (liquid, gas, corrosive, abrasive, etc.) the valve will handle. This influences the material selection to ensure compatibility and durability.
   • Pressure and Temperature: Consider the operating pressure and temperature ranges. The trim material must withstand these conditions without degrading.
   • Flow Control Needs: Determine whether the valve will be used for on/off service, throttling, or both. This affects the choice of trim design for precise flow control.

   2. Select the Appropriate Material

   • Corrosion Resistance: For corrosive fluids, select materials like stainless steel, Hastelloy, or Monel that offer superior corrosion resistance.
   • Wear Resistance: In applications with abrasive fluids or high velocity, opt for hardened materials or coatings, such as Stellite, to resist wear and erosion.
   • Temperature Capability: Ensure the trim material can handle the minimum and maximum operating temperatures. For high temperatures, alloys with high-temperature strength and stability are required.

   3. Choose the Right Trim Design

   • Contoured Plugs: Suitable for throttling applications requiring smooth and precise flow control.
   • Balanced Trim: For high-pressure applications, a balanced trim design reduces the force required to operate the valve, improving control and reducing actuator size.
   • Soft Seats: Use soft seat materials (such as PTFE) for applications requiring tight sealing with low torque but consider their temperature and pressure limitations.
   • Cage-Guided Trim: Offers stability and reduced vibration for high flow rates or applications with significant pressure drops.

   4. Consider Trim Characteristics

   • Leakage Class: Select a trim that meets the required leakage rate for your application, as defined by standards like ANSI/FCI 70-2.
   • Flow Coefficient (Cv): The trim should provide an appropriate Cv value that meets the flow requirements without causing excessive noise, cavitation, or erosion.

   5. Evaluate Additional Features

   • Noise Reduction: In applications where noise is a concern, consider trims designed to reduce noise levels, such as multi-stage or labyrinth-type trims.
   • Cavitation Control: For liquid services prone to cavitation, select anti-cavitation trims that can minimize or eliminate cavitation damage.

   6. Review and Test

   After selecting a trim, review the selection against all application requirements and, if possible, conduct tests under actual operating conditions to ensure the trim performs as expected.

   API VALVE TRIM: RECOMMENDED SERVICE

   TRIM	RECOMMENDED SERVICE
   13% Cr, Type 410 Stainless Steel	For oil and oil vapors and general services with heat-treated seats and wedges.
   13% Cr, Type 410 plus Hardfacing	Universal trim for general service requiring long service life up to 1100°F (593°C).*
   Type 316 Stainless	For liquids and gases that are corrosive to 410 Stainless Steel, up to 1000°F (537°C).*
   Monel	For corrosive service to 842°F (450°C) such as acids, alkalies, salt solutions, etc.
   Alloy 20	For corrosive services such as hot acids -49°F to 608oF (-45°C to 320°C).
   NACE	Specially treated 316 or 410 trim combined optionally with B7M Bolts and 2HM nuts to meet NACE MR-01-75 requirements.
   Full Stellite	Full hard-faced trim, suitable for abrasive & severe services up to 1200°F (650°C).*

   * Depends upon base material grade